Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most important base of nutrients for large animals
A
forages
2
Q
What are some cons of intensive grazing
A
They can graze out things they like and leave things they don’t
you have to manage the pasture to get good quality grass
Many cons of grazing too far down
3
Q
What are some cons of grazing too far down
A
parasitemia
sand colic
wears down teeth faster
4
Q
What kind of fiber is straw
A
effective fiber
5
Q
What does effective fiber do to benefit digestives systems
A
Increases chewing of cud which is important to increase saliva production and swallowing
saliva is important to keep gut microbes happy
6
Q
Why is saliva important in rumens
A
it helps get their gut microbes happy
7
Q
What is an example of an effective fiber
A
straw
8
Q
What can happen if feed runs out
A
The rumen environment changes and can have negative health impact
9
Q
What are the 3 fiber/CHO subsections for rumens
A
ADF
NDF
NFC
10
Q
What does ADF stand for
A
Acid Detergent Fiber
11
Q
What does NDF stand for
A
Natural detergent fiber
12
Q
What does NFC stand for
A
Non-fiber carbohydrates
13
Q
Name specific ADFs
A
lignin
cellulose
14
Q
Name specific NDFs
A
lignin
cellulose
hemi-cellulose
15
Q
Name specific NFCs
A
pectin
sugar
startches
16
Q
What are two types of forages
A
legumes
grasses
17
Q
Which has higher nutrition content: legumes/grasses
A
legumes
18
Q
Which has higher fiber content: legumes/grasses
A
grasses
19
Q
Which has higher energy content: legumes/grasses
A
legumes
20
Q
Which is leafier: legumes/grasses
A
legumes
21
Q
Which has lower protein content: legumes/grasses
A
grasses
22
Q
What vitamins and minerals are legumes higher in than grasses
A
Ca
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
23
Q
What makes up the largest portion of equine diet?
A
forages
24
Q
How much dry feed should you feed adult equine (%body weight/day)
A
1.5% body weight/day
25
How much CAN an adult equine consume of dry food a day
2-2.5% body weight/day
26
What percentage should forage make up of equine diet
50% or more
27
How can 100% forage ration be safe for equines?
with added salt and water
28
How much of dairy cows' diet should be forages?
over 50%
29
How much of dairy cows' diet should be ADF
over 18%
30
How much of dairy cows' diety should be NDF
over 30%
31
How much of NDF should forages supply in dairy cows
75%
32
How much of a dairy cows' weight should be NDF
0.9%
33
How much effective fiber should a dairy cow get a day
over 5 lbs
34
How long should straw be cut for dairy cows
1.5 inches long
35
When is Timothy best cut
second cutting
36
What cutting has the most weeds and most variable nutrient values?
first cutting
37
What cutting has a higher leaf: stem ration
third and more
38
What things do you look for in hay quality assessments
What type
color
smell
texture
39
For quality assessments, what color should hay be?
Green
40
For quality assessment, how should hay smell?
pleasant, fragant aroma
41
For quality assessment, what should the texture of hay be?
soft, pliable
42
For quality assessment, what is the best ration Leaf:stem
higher, there are more protein and carbs
43
What would seed heads or pods in bloom indicate in hay
more mature forage, less digestible, lower protein adn energy
44
When getting a sample for hay analysis, how many bales do you take a core from
10
45
What are the benefits of hay pellets/cubes
easy to ship/store
more consistent quality
minimizes dust/allergens
46
What are challenges with hay pellets/cubes
more expensive
| must weigh-easy to overfeed
47
If a 1000 lb horse is in a pasture, how much does it eat:
each month
per year
~500lb each month
| 28 acres/yr if only source is forage
48
How much time do horses spend grazing in natural conditions
18hr/day
49
What is a danger of fescue grass
endophyte infected fescue grass
50
How do you detect endophyte infect fescue grass
only through lab analysis
51
What are dangers of endophyte infect fescue grass
lower conception rates
aborptions
prolonged pregnancy
dystocia, retained placenta, agalactia
52
What should be done if there is endophye infected grass?
remove broodmares 60-90 days before foaling
| replace forage other sources of food and test new hay for fescue
53
How long can endophyte toxin persist
several years
54
What are 3 dangers related to legumes
clover "slobbers" aka block patch fungus
Alsike clover
Alfala blister beetles
55
What causes clover "slobbers"
black patch fungus
56
Is black patch fungus harmful?
no, just unpleasant
57
What can cause photosensitivity and liver disease in horses
Alsike clover
58
How do blister beetles cause harm?
Get processed in pasture with hay
ingestion of cantharidin toxin in the beetle
Can cause GI upset/disease, renal disease
a few can be lethal
59
Cows should receive ___% of their diet from forages
>50
60
What are the advantages of feeding TMR
cows consume desired amount of forage relative to amount of grain offered
less risk of digestive upset
allows for greater use of unpalatable feeds
potential to reduce labor required for feeding
greater accuracy in formulating and feeding
feed efficient improves
61
What are disadvantaages of feeding TMR
need to group cows into two or more groups
Rations must be carefully formulates and continually checked
Large amounts of long hay are difficult to incorporate
Significant equipment invest
62
What are the 2 rules of thumb for dairy cattle water
3 lb of drinking water / lb of milk yield
| 4-5 lb of water intake / DMI
63
how much linear space of water is needed per cow
1.2-3.6 inches
64
How far should the water be to the cow
max 50 feet
65
How many water sources should there be for dairy cattle
minimum 2 water sources per group
66
What is the best cutting for horses? and why?
second cutting
| lowest in crude protein
67
What vitamins are NOT synthesized in the rumen and therefore must be supplmemented
A
D
E
68
What part of the rumen digestive system has a honeycomb wall structure
reticulum
69
what does the reticulum do?
traps large feed particles to be regurgitated so they can eat rapdily and sotre for later digestion
70
What does the omasum do?
acts as a filter to absorb fluids
71
What does the absomasum do?
digest proteins
72
What is distillers grain
solids left over after fermentation
73
What are advantages of grazing crop residues?
cattle feed themselves from left over grain/stalks
fertizlize field
extend grazing season
relief for pastures
74
What scale is used for beef cattle BCS
1-9
75
What scale is used for dairy cattle BCS
1-5
76
What is a normal rumen pH
6.5-7
77
How long is the nursery stage for swine?
7-8 weeks
78
How long is the grower/finisher stage for swiner?
16-17 weeks
79
How long are swines pregnant for?
16 weeks
80
How much should swine weigh post lactation (babies)?
13lbs
81
When should you wean swine?
2-4 weeks
82
What typical swine feed is NOT digestible by nursery age pigs
corn and soy, cereal grains
83
at what age can pigs start utilizing lactose
5 weeks
84
At what age can pigs start digesting grains
6 weeks
85
What is SD whey stand for
spray dried whey
| by-product of cheese
86
What is used as protein for swines in nursery
lactose
| spray dried whey
87
Why is soybean meal not suitable for nursery age pigs as sole protein source
they contain antigenic proteins
88
What are sources of protein for nursery age swine
spray dried porcine plasma
spray dried blood meal
fish meal
89
What is fat used for in nursery age pigs
to help hold pelleted diets together, lubricate machinery
90
Do nursery age pigs need fat in their diets
no
91
Why are minerals added to nursery age pigs feed?
When fed at high levels, it behaves like an antibiotic.
92
What minerals are added to nursery age pigs?
zinc oxide
| copper sulfate
93
What are 2 additives for nursery age pigs?
antimicrobials
| enzymes: phytaste
94
What are differences in dietary needs between barrows and gilts
barrows require higher dietary energy and have higher fat content
gilts eat less than barrows and are genetically leaner than barrows
95
what are 2 environmental factors that affect feeding
stocking density
| thermal environment
96
what is the main source of energy for growth pigs?
cereal grains
97
What are 4 specific lipids fed to growth pigs?
corn oil
soybean oil
choice white grease
beef tallow
98
what is CWG
choice white grease
99
what is the main protein during growth
soybean meal
100
What are 3 types of additives during growth phase?
antimicrobials/chemotherapeutics
dewormers
metabolic modifiers
101
What are some nutritional needs that are different for gilts/barrows
CP and Lys are increased for gilts
102
What needs increase as pigs grow?
CP, Lys, CA, P
103
What is the recommended amount of backfat for gilts
0.75"
104
How is ideal BCS and fat accretion accomplished in gilts? (2)
```
feeding low protein diets
limit feeding (4-6lbs)
```
105
What is the minimum weight for breeding gilts
300 lbs
106
What is flushing?
2 weeks prior to mating
107
What do you need to do during flushing?
increase feed intake to 8lb/day
108
What is the purpose of increased feeding during flushing?
increases number of ova ovulated?
109
What is the method of testing TMR?
Penn State Particle Separator
110
How much should a gestating sow eat a day?
4-5 lbs
111
What nutrients are increased from gestation into lactation swine
lysine, crude protein, energy
112
what is DDGS
distillers dried grains and solubles
113
Why is it dangerous to feed >20% DDGS
can depress feed intake
114
What is the inclusion rate of DDGS for nursery swine
5%
115
What is the inclusion rate of DDGS for growing swine?
15%
116
What is the inclusion rate off DDGS for finishing swine?
20%
117
What is the inclusion rate of DDGS for pre-pubertal gilts?
20%
118
What is the inclusion rate of DDGS for gestating sows
50%
119
What is the inclusion rate of DDGS for lactating sows?
20%
120
How many compartments are in camelid's foregut
3
121
What do you call a baby camelid
cria
122
What are some special considerations of the cria's digestive anatomy
small compartment 1
| large true stomach/compartment 3
123
What compartment of a camelid's foregut digests milk
c3
124
At what age is a cria' stomach adult sized
8 weeks
125
At what age can a cria digest plant fiber
12 weeks
126
What is the cornerstone of a camelid's diet
forage
127
What is a challenge of feeding camelid's alfala
they preferentially eat alfala leaves, easily get obese on alfala
128
What quality of grass meets camelid's needs?
moderate
129
What % crude protein do camelids need
8-10%
130
What method is recommended for mineral supplementation in camelids
free choice
131
what should be avoided as supplement feeding for camelids
cereal grains- can lead to obesity
132
What are considerations for fat % in camelids?
| How much fat should you feed?
can disrupt microbial fermentation
important for fleece quality
want <4 %
133
For growth, pregnancy and lactation of camelids: how much protein is needed?
14-18%
134
Why is loose salt best for camelids?
they do not have licking behaviors
135
What is the BCS scale for camelids?
1-5
136
What are 3 essential micro minerals for camelids?
selenium
copper
zinc
137
What can low quality feedstuff lead to in camelids?
hepatic lipodosis
failure to thrive
protein-energy malnutriton
138
The four R's of nutraceutical assessment
Response
Research
Results
Returns
139
List 4 environmental factors that affect grower/finishe feeding
stocking density
water availability
thermal environment
split-sex feeding
140
What is the standard time from birth to market weight in swine
6 months-180 days
141
_____ promotes feed intake in swine and helps diurese when a high crude protein diet is fed.
water
142
4 lifestages of swine
Nursery
Growth/Finisher
Gestation
Lactation
143
Compare energy, crude protein, and lysine dietary requirements for a gestating sow vs. a lactating sow.
All higher in lacatating
144
Why are barrows and gilts fed separately as growers/finishers?
They have different nutrition needs.
| barrows consume greater amounts of dietary energy and consume more feed than gilts.
145
Why is fat imporant in camelid diets? What percent fat should be in the diet?
<4%, it is important for fleece quality.
146
What is most costly stage of swine life?
grower/finisher
147
What makes it a challenge to determine BCS in a camelid?
fleece is deceiving, gotta palpate
148
List the 5 factors that impact grower/finisher feeding strategies?
```
genetics
sex
age
environment
health status
```
149
How much do you feed horses for maintenance?
1.5-2.5%
150
What is the minimum amount of forage you should feed a horse
1% body weight
151
what is sweet feed made of
molasses, corn, oats
152
What are highly digestible sources of fiber for horses
soybean hulls
beet pulp
alfalfa
153
What fat sources are available for horses
flax seed, vegetable, sunflower oil, rice bran, canola oil
154
What is the purpose of molasses?
improves palatability and moistens feed
155
Why is it important to NOT overfeed starch
it can overwhelm the GI system, overwhelm small intestine leak into large intestine. kill of microbes, die and release toxins cause colic, diarhhea, laminitis
156
How should you feed grain based feeds to a horse
<5 lb grain based at a time
157
How much water do horses drink per day?
20-30L/day
158
when is water intake increased in horses and by how much
heat, lactation, increased work
| 3-4x more
159
How do you measure concentrates to feed
by weight not volume
160
How much % body weight should you feed horses at each feeding?
.5%
minimizes Gi disturbance and behavioral issues
161
What is the ideal Ca:P ratio
2:1
162
What sort of diet do foals eat? and why?
low fiber diet, they have undeveloped cecal and colonic digestion and have little microbial digestion before 3 months
163
How do foals populate gut for microbial digestion?
eat dam's feces
164
What 6 things must be on a food label for horses
```
purpose statement
commercial feed class
guaranteed analysis
manufacturer info
ingredient list
feeding directions
```
165
How much crude protein should average adult horses get?
8-10%
166
Why is lysine important?
it is an EAA
| and a limiting amino acid
167
What foods are high in lysine?
soybean meal
milk protein
alfalfa
168
Is feeding too much protein in horses a problem?
very rarely, only a problem in sick/ill horses
169
What can happen if you underfeed protein to horses
```
rough, coarse hair.
weight loss
poor growth
low milk productions
poor performance
```
170
What can happen if you underfeed protein to young horses
DOD
| decrease bone density and tendon function
171
Which is higher in protein? legumes or grass
legumes
172
can high quality forage meet fat needs?
yes! green pasture has 3x more omega 3 than omega 6
173
What is the minimum Ca:P ratio
1:1
174
what is the real term for "big head disease"
nutritional secondary hyperparathroidism
175
What causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
low Ca:P ratio
in feed: large amounts of cereal grain base supplements + mature grass forage
176
What trace minerals are important for horses
copper
zinc
selenium
177
what vitamins are important for horses
vitamin E and A
178
How much salt should horses have?
nonworking %
working %
in oz free-choice salt
nonworking: 0.5%
working: 1%
1-3 oz free choice salt/day
179
How much should you feed "pleasure horses"
1.5-2.5% based on easy or hard keepers
180
If a horse needs to lose weight, how should this be done
```
Feed at 1-1.5% BW for weight loss
use a ration balancer
forage based diet - low carb
grass hay
no lush, green pasture
grazing muzzle for some
```
181
What causes Equine Metabolic Syndrome
obesity and lack of exercise
182
What can equine metabolic syndrome lead to?
insulin resistance
regional adiposity
laminitis
183
How much protein should equine athletes have?
10-12%
184
For young growing horses and broodmares, what considerations need to be made for protein, Ca and P, copper and zinc
increased
185
How many categories of broodmares are there
5-6
186
When is it important to add trace minerals to broodmares
late pregnancy
187
Whaat is the max amount of "creep feeding" for foals
1 lb/month of age
188
How old are weanlings?
4-6months
189
What are some nutritional considerations for feeding yearlings?
low energy, adequate protein, minerals, forage
190
What are 2 things to consider for aging horses
dental diseaase
| Cushing's disease
191
What is choke in a horse
esophageal obstruction - comes out nose
192
What fraction of horses are affected by Cushing's disease
1/3
193
What should you feed horses with Cushing's disease
```
low carb (avoid sugar and starches)
high protein to maintain muscle mass
no lush pasture
increase fat to maintain weight
ration balancer
```
194
Horse feed concentrates should be fed based on what? What is the maximum that should be fed? Why?
by weight not volume.
max: 2.5%
caan be easily overfed and lead to obesity
195
If you suggest a weight reducing diet for a horse, what considerations should be made for its diet?
strict control of diet, 1-1.5% BW
forage based diet, no lush pasture
low carb
ration balancer
196
What are the crude protein requirements for foals:
16-18%
197
What are the crude protein requirements for late gestation and lactating broodmares
11-14%
198
What 2 stages/categories of broodmares have the highest nutritional requirements?
late pregnancy and lactation
199
what is the desired calcium: phosphorus ratio
2:1
200
What is the absolute minimum Ca:P ratio
1:1
201
Besides forage, horses are fed what 2 other things? Give an example of each.
concentrates and supplements
202
List 4 nutritional considerations for feeding a young, growing horse.
low fiber diet to account for their undeveloped cecal and colonic digestion
203
Why is is important to supplement trace minerals in a pregnant mare?
The foals receive the minerals from them both in utero and during lactation/weanling stage
204
What comprises the largest portion of the equine diet? What percent should it be?
forage! 50%
