Basics of Cat/Dog Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What does RER and DER stand for
A
Resting Energy Requirements
Daily Energy Requirements
2
Q
What is energy content derived from
A
The metabolism of protein, fat, carbohydrates
3
Q
What is the most energy dense source
A
fat
4
Q
What is the difference between macro and mitronutrients
A
macronutrients are counted in grams, micronutrients are counted in mgs
5
Q
What are 3 energy depots in the body?
A
fat, skeletal muscle, glycogen
6
Q
What is glycogen
A
stored carbohydrates
7
Q
What age range is generally considered to be senior
A
7-9
8
Q
What age range is considered to be geriatric
A
> 10
9
Q
What is the definition of RER
A
energy requirement for a normal but unfasted animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment
10
Q
What is the universal equation for determining RER
A
70 x BW(kg)^.75
11
Q
What is the range for a dog’s DER
A
1.0-1.8 x RER
12
Q
What is the range for a cat’s DER
A
1.0 - 1.6 x RER
13
Q
What is the DER of a neutered adult cat
A
1.2 x RER
14
Q
What is the DER of a neutered adult dog
A
1.6 x RER
15
Q
What is the DER of an intact adult cat
A
1.4 x RER
16
Q
What is the range DER of an active/working dog?
A
2.0-8.0 x RER
17
Q
What is the DER of an active cat?
A
1.6 x RER
18
Q
What is the DER of a 0-4month old kitten
A
3.0 x RER
19
Q
What is the DER of a 4-7 month old kitten?
A
2.5 x RER
20
Q
What is the DER of 8-12 month old kitten?
A
2.0 x RER
21
Q
What is the DER of a puppy weighing up to 50% of ABW?
A
3.0 x RER
22
Q
What is the DER of a puppy weighing 50-70% of ABW ?
A
2.5 x RER
23
Q
What is the DER of a puppy weighing 70-100% of ABW?
A
2.0 x RER
24
Q
When does weaning begin for kittens/puppies
A
3-4 weeks
25
When should kittens/puppies be completely weaned
7-8 weeks
26
Why should you feed puppies via portion controlled feedings
To prevent obesity and skeletal development disorders
27
How often should BCS be assessed post-weaning
every 2 weeks
28
What is the ideal range for BCS post-weaning
3/9-5/9
29
What are some nutritional needs in pups/kittens that are different than adults?
Require higher protein and fat
| Require higher calcium
30
What happens with puppies have deficiency of or excess calcium?
DOD: developmental Orthopedic Disease
31
In what dogs does DOD most commonly occur?
Fast-growing, large or giant breed puppies whose adult weight is over 25 kgs
32
What are the 3 common DOD's in dogs?
canine hip dysplasia
osteochondrosis
elbow dysplasia
33
Describe osteochondrosis
abnormal differentiation of growth cartilage
| Common cause of lameness and pain in growing dogs
34
What causes osteochondrosis
genetics, diet, exercise
35
What is a common cause of lameness and pain in growing dogs?
osteochondrosis
36
What is elbow dysplasia?
Radius curvus, bowing of radius and deformation of both front and rear feat
37
What causes elbow dysplasia?
Excess Calcium
38
How to avoid excess calcium
Avoid excessive energy intake, no need for supplements or dairy
39
What are the main differences in feline's nutritional needs than dogs?
They have higher daily protein requirement and lower carbohydrate requirement.
40
How do dogs and cats taste differently
Cats do not have sweet receptors on their tongues
41
What is the primary source for palatability
fat
42
Amount of energy derived from food depends on 3 factors:
Nutrient composition
Digestibility
Bioavailbility of nutrients
43
What are the parts of a blanaced diet (6)
```
Water
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fat
Vitamins
Minerals
```
44
How much water do dogs/cats require
1 oz/pound/day
45
How many oz are in a cup
8 oz
46
What are proteins broken down into
amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides
47
What helps build antibodies
protein
48
What are enterocytes
cells that line the villi of the small intestine
49
What happens in the enterocytes as it relates to protein
dipeptides and tripeptides are separated into single amino acids
50
What is the defining difference between essential amino acids and non-esstential amino acids?
The body cannot produce or store enough essential amino acids to support normal growth/balance, so diet MUST provide EAAs in proper proportions
51
What must be available in order for the body to create NAAs
nitrogen and energy
52
What is the one EAAs for cats that is non-essential for dogs
taurine
53
What can lack of taurine cause in cats
heart problems
54
When are conditionally essential amino acids needed?
during critical illness, surgery, infection, diarrhea
55
What are 4 conditionally essential amino acids
cysteine
glutamine
tyrosine
taurine (in certain dogs)
56
What provides fibers?
carbohydrates
57
What are the groups of carbohydrates
simple and complex
58
Why are fibers important
for GI health and energy
59
How are carbohydrates defined as simple of complex
Define by number of sugar units they contain
60
What are 4 examples of simple carbohydrates
glucose
fructose
lactose
sucrose
61
What are the two groups of complex carbohydrates
non-fiber and fiber
62
What are non-fiber complex carbohydrates
Starches
63
Why are fiber carbohydrates important?
they help the large intestine regulate itself through their water-holding capacy, viscosity, digestibility
64
What are the groups of fiber?
soluble and insoluble
65
What does soluble fiber do in the GI tract?
diffuses in water to form viscous solution in GI tract.
Can be fermented by bacteria in large intestine.
Produces short-chain fatty acids that intestinal cells can use for energy
66
In what form is soluble fiber found in commercial pet food?
inulin, pectin, vegetable gums
67
What is the purpose of insoluble fiber
It absorbs water and toxins as it passes through GI tract.
It adds bulk to GI contents and stimulates GI motility.
Adds a sense of satiety (more in dogs than cats)
68
What is an example of insoluble fiber in pet food
cellulose
69
What is the most concentrated energy source?
fat
70
How is fat relataed to inflammation
It can control inflammation as a precursor of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
71
How is fat related to the nervous system structure
it is part of the myelin sheath around some nerves which helps them move faster
72
How is fat important for digestion/absorption
it is a precursor to bile acids (cholesterol)
73
What hormones is fat a precursor to? (3)
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
74
What fatty acid/s must be provided for optimal health for dogs
linoleic acid
75
What kind of acid is linoleic acid
omega-6 fatty acid
76
What fatty acid/s must be provided for optimal health for cats
linoleic acid and arachidonic acid
77
Why do dogs not need arachidonic acid in their diet
they can make it from linoleic acid
78
What is arachidonic acid from
animal fat and fish oils
79
What 2 fatty acids are essential
Omega 6 and Omega 3
80
Where do essential fatty acids usually come from
corn, soybean, safflower oil, pork, poultry
81
Name 2 long-chain omega-3 fatty acids?
EPA
| DHA
82
When would you want to add long-chain omega 3 fatty acids?
osteoarthritis, dermatitis
83
Why would you want to add long-chain omega 3 fatty acids during osteoarthritis/dermatitis?
The omega 3 would incorporate into cell membranes and be used for less-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes
84
What is the most common fatty acid in the nervous system
DHA
85
What role does DHA play in the body
important role in brain and retinal function
86
What type of vitamins can result in toxicity?
fat soluble vitamins
87
Why can fat soluble vitamins result in toxicity (likely in large and giant breed puppies)
It can be absorbed and stored in the body
88
Why can water-soluble vitamins not cause toxicity typically?
It is not stored well in the body
89
What are 4 fat soluble vitamins
A
B
D
K
90
What vitamin is related to blood clotting?
K
91
What vitamin is related to DNA synthesis?
B
92
What vitamin is important for calcium homeostasis?
D
93
What vitamin is important for normal eye function?
A
94
What vitamin is important for nerve signal transduction?
B
95
How much of the body do minerals make up?
less than 1%
96
What mineral is important for bone and cartilage formation?
calcium
97
What minerals are important for maintenance of fluid balance?
sodium
chloride
potassium
98
What mineral is important for oxygen movement in the bloodstream?
iron
99
What minerals are important for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?
Calcium
sodium
potassium
100
What mineral is important for hormone production?
iodine
101
Name the trace minerals
| 5
```
iron
zinc
copper
manganese
selenium
```
102
Name the macro minerals
| 7
```
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
potassium
sodium
chloride
sulfur
```
103
Macro or Micro:
| Phosphorus
macro
104
Macro or Micro:
| copper
micro
105
Macro or Micro:
| zinc
micro
106
Macro or Micro:
| chloride
macro
107
Macro or Micro:
| potassium
macro
108
Macro or Micro:
| sodium
macro
109
Macro or Micro:
| manganese
micro
110
Macro or Micro:
| sulfur
macro
111
Macro or Micro:
| selenium
micro
112
Macro or Micro:
| calcium
macro
113
Macro or Micro:
| Magnesium
macro
114
Macro or Micro:
| iron
micro
115
When do you use "modified Atwater" values
to calculate calorie content
116
What is the modified Atwater value of Protein
3.5 kcal/g
117
What is the modified Atwater value of fat
8.5 kcal/g
118
What is the modified Atwater value of CHO
3.5 kcal/g
119
What does CHO stand for
carbohydrates
120
How do you convert AF to DM
%AF - %water = DM then you divide the % nutrient by the %DM
121
When assessing BCS of small mammals, what areas are important to palpate?
ribs, lumbar vertebrae, pelvic bones
122
What animals do not have abdominal tuck
certain breeds of rabbits
guinea pigs
hedgehogs
most rodents
123
What bone do you palpate to assess birds' bcs?
keel bone
124
What recommendations do you make to bird owners to help with weight and nutrition
weigh food
| weigh bird weekly
125
Where do lizards tend to store fat?
tails
126
Where should you palpate lizards to assess BCS
ribs, pelvic girdle
127
What are considerations to make for exotic pets and water
rainforest species may drink water only in droplets or in soaking
vitamins and minerals are not recommended
128
What is a common cause of constipation in larger tortoises
lack of exercise
129
What can excess protein cause in tortoises?
shell to put down heavy layers of keratin, making conical scutes
130
What can happen with exccess protein in birds and reptiles?
visceral and articular gout
131
What is the diet of rabbits in the wild?
strict herbivores
| grass, clovers, rare fruit
132
Why are commercial diets not great for pet rabbits
they are designed for production rabbits, designed for quick growth not longevity.
rabbit teeth are continuously growing and pellets don't help maintain
133
What are the 3 parts recommended for rabbits diets
HAY
vegetables
pellets
134
What kind of hay is recommended for rabbits
timothy or grass
135
What kind of hay is NOT recommended for rabbits and why
alfalfa
| high calorie and high calcium
136
What benefits does hay have for rabbits
helps maintain proper tooth wear
| Prevent hairballs and GI stasis
137
How should hay be fed to rabbits
free choice
138
What kind of vegetables should be fed to rabbits
leafy greens! variety overall
139
How many different kinds of vegetables should rabbits have each day
3 a day
| Nutrients!
140
How should you introduce young rabbits to vegetables
add one vegetable to their diet at a time 1/2 oz at a time and observe stool.
141
When can you increase vegetable intake in rabbits? and to how much?
approx 12 weeks
| 1-2 cups
142
What kind of pellets are recommended for rabbits
Timothy based pellets
143
What kind of diet do guinea pigs have in the wild
grass and seeds
144
What kind of hay is recommended for guinea pigs
timothy or mixed grass
145
What should be included in a guina pigs diet (all things)
unlimited hay
leafy greens
veggies
pellets
146
What do guinea pigs need supplemented
Vitamin C
147
What do gerbils/hamsters eat in the wild
dry grasses, seeds, vegetable matter
148
What is the recommended forumlation of a commercial diet for gerbils/hamsters
fortified blocks
149
What is the recommended feeding of gerbils/hamsters (general specifics)
all natural grass, whole grain ingredients. one spoon of pellets. Healthy treats
150
What kind of diet do rats/mice have
omnivore
151
Why are rats/mice prone to obesity
they eat when they are bored
152
How much food should a rat consume in a day
10-20 g
153
How much food should a mice consume in a day
3-4 g
154
What is another word for parrot
psittacines
155
Why is feeding parrots challenging
each species as individual needs and they aren't well studied or documented and do not have commercial food that is nutritionally valid
156
What is the recommended ratio of pellet:fresh for parrots?
75:25
157
What is considered junk food for parrots
seeds
158
What method for converting a parrot to a healthier diet is very useful if strongly bonded to owner
"hunt and peck"
159
Why are Lori and Lorikeets special and what considerations do you have to take in their nutrition?
They drink nectar from flowers.
If using pelleted diets, add fruit and liquid
160
What are common challenges with Mynahs and Toucans
iron-storage disease
161
What type of food is recommended for carnivorous reptiles
fresh frozen prey
162
What are some ways to help an anxorexic carnivorous reptile eat?
change color or prey
change species (chick, reptile)
allow hiding
misting
163
What is the "if all else fails" method for getting an anorexic carnivorous reptile to eat?
teasing
164
Why can reptiles get obese often
they eat out of boredom
165
Why is feeding insectivorous reptiles so challenging
They typically would eat many different species of insect.
| individual insects do not offer nearly enough nutrients, it is hard to control the nutrients with live insects.
166
What is a common disease in insectivorous reptiles
metabolic bone disease
167
What must be supplemented for insectivorous reptiles?
```
Vitamin D3 (light)
Calcium
```
168
What are 2 methods for calcium supplementation for insectivorous reptiles?
dusting
| gut-loading
169
How should you chop up food for herbivore reptiles
finely chopped
170
How long can a healthy reptile go without eating
2-3 weeks
