EXAM 2 Flashcards
T/F Quinolinic Acid is the link between the immune system and the brain?
T
What does an elevation of HPLA indicate?
Cancer/tumors
AHB (alpha-hydroxybutyrate) is directly related to the rate of hepatic X X?
Glutathione synthesis
How do energy needs change in children with Down Syndrome?
** Decreased caloric needs (than normal baby)NEED LESS CALORIES
> 108 calories/kg
What parts of the gut are most likely to produce microbial metabolites? (X2)
Terminal ileum
Ascending colon
** What part (upper or lower) of GI tract do you tend to find AEROBIC MICROORGANISMS ? Where anaerobic?
Upper (mouth, stomach, beginning of SI)
ANAEROBIC = LOWER GI TRACT (small and large intestine because not exposed to O2 there)
T/F Cresol excretion is not effected by dietary protein intake?
T
** Elevations in lactate, pyruvate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate indicate abnormalities in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ metabolism A. Protein B. Carb C. Fat D. Mineral
B. Carb
** Elevations in suberate, adipate, and ethyl also ate indicate dysfunction of ____________ metabolism
A. Carb
B. Protein
C. Fatty acid
C. Fatty Acid
**5 nutrients that are MOST IMPACTED (lowered) by intestinal dysbiosis markers
B1, B2, B6, Mg, Zn
** Inhibition of CoQ10 synthesis from stating drugs will typically reveal elevations in urinary \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_? A. Hydroxymethylproprionate B. Hydroxymethylglutarate C. Hydroxymethylbutyrate D. Hydroxymethylsuccinate
B.
** Asparagine can be converted into aspartate. Aspartate is in a unique position to enter the TCA cycle through its conversion into the TCA cycle intermediate, ____________, via the enzyme AST and cofactor B6
Oxaloacetate
** Low urinary citrate levels have been associated with kidney stone formation. What type of diet may INCREASE the risk of kidney stone formation?
HIGH protein, LOW carb
** High MMA can inhibit the ___________ transporter
MALATE
(SG) What organic acid compound can block the malate transporter?
MMA/ methymalonic acid
(SG) What type of diet can INCREASE the risk of kidney stone formation?
HIGH protein
LOW carb
(SG) What is the enzyme and cofactors (3) required for ISOCITRATE —> a-KG
E: isocitrate dehydrogenase
C: B3/NAD, Mg, Mn
(SG) Aconitase requires which MINERAL as a cofactor?
Fe
** The central energy pathways begin with digestion and assimilation of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Proteins require the use of _________ (5) for the conversion of keto acids into acetyl-CoA?
B1 B2 B3 B5 Lipoate
** Degradation of serotonin —> 5HIAA requires what enzyme and which 2 cofactors?
E: MAO
C: Cu, B2
(SG) For 5HIAA (product), know substrate, enzyme, cofactors (3)
S: Serotonin
E: MAO
C: Cu, B2/B3, Fe
(SG) Know what 1. elevations of BENZOATE (4) and HIPPURATE indicate and 2. treatment
- DYSBIOSIS (SIBO), polyphenol bacterial catabolism, Food = ingestion of food preservatives, poor detoxification
- Glycine and B5 (if high benzoate)
(SG) What amino acid can lead to an elevation of INDICAN due to dysbiosis?
Tryptophan
(SG) What do yeast and fungi produce as a dysbiosis metabolite?
D-arabotinol