Exam 2 01/30 (01/30 - 02/13)

Question 1

The goals of archaeology

Answer 1

a. To classify/describe objects found
b. To chronologically arrange data
c. To synthesize data with known historical events and cultures

Question 2

Mounds

Answer 2

In Israel and other Middle Eastern countries, cities are built in elevated places. Then cities are built upon the ruins of other cities as they rise and fall.

The ruins build up to make these mounds.

Question 3

Erosion

Answer 3

(blasting or digging). Artifacts are uncovered unintentionally.

Question 4

Contrasts in vegetation

Answer 4

When crops grow over stone or

something else, the color of the crop can be different

Question 5

How to make site selection

Answer 5

1. Mounds
2. Erosion
3. Contrasts in vegetation
4. Soil analysis
5. Surface finds
6. Underwater archaeology

Question 6

Soil analysis

Answer 6

phosphate signals a human presence

Question 7

To make the best use of limited time and money, archaeologists must determine precision for
excavation:

Answer 7

a. Electrical current across a piece of land (electrical resistance). This will show if there are
air pockets or objects beneath the surface.
b. Magnetometer (mine/metal detector)
c. Probes
d. Flashgun camera

Question 8

Identify types of sites:

Answer 8

1. Living site
2. Burial sites
3. Workshop sites
4. Quarry sites
5. Ceremonial sites

Question 9

Living site

Answer 9

(where the houses are, how big, how many). In the living sites, there may be
evidence of food, streets, walls, storage rooms, and trade implements

Question 10

Burial sites

Answer 10

some of which may contain grave goods.

Question 11

Workshop sites

Answer 11

include tools weapons, knives for butchering, cooking pots.

Question 12

Quarry sites

Answer 12

give insight into technology.

Question 13

Ceremonial sites

Answer 13

may contain religious objects like altars.

Question 14

Excavation procedures

Answer 14

1. Datum point:
2. Test pitting
3. Artifact recording

Question 15

Datum point:

Answer 15

outside the excavation site, remains permanent to help with location.

Question 16

Test pitting

Answer 16

dividing the site into a grid

Question 17

Artifact recording

Answer 17

position recording (depth, etc), numbered cataloged, listed in register, placed in paper or cloth bag, labeled with an ID number. All of this is done for the benefit of future digs.

Question 18

Assemblage of materials

Answer 18

1. Artifact: man-made object
2. Feature: man-made but not removable, i.e. storage pit, cistern, Hezekiah’s pool
3. Object: not man-made, i.e. animal bones, plant seeds, shells, ashes

Question 19

Dead Sea Scrolls

13 points

Answer 19

1. Hidden in the caves of the Qumran settlement
2. They are hundreds of animal skin scrolls
3. They contain fragments from over 900 documents (200+ biblical writings)
4. All Old Testament books except Esther are represented
5. Written by the Essenes, a monastic Jewish sect
6. Settled about 120 B.C., destroyed in 68 A.D.
7. Preserved by being stored in pottery jars in eleven caves
8. Lost in the best possible environment (no light, low humidity, little temperature variation)
9. Predate the next earliest copies of the Old Testament by 1,000 years
10. The later texts faithfully agree with those found at Qumran.
11. They are now in the Israel National Museum’s Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem, a building meant to resemble the jars.
12. Discovered in caves near the Dead Sea
13. Discovered in 1947 by an Arab shepherd boy