Exam 1

Question 1

Anthropology

Answer 1

The study of humankind which seeks to understand people and their behavior in order to better communicate with and relate to other human groups in an increasingly interdependent world.

Question 2

Holistic Approach

Answer 2

focusing on all aspects of interconnections and interdependence

Question 3

ethnocentrism

Answer 3

belief that ones own cultural way is the proper one

Question 4

Cultural Relativism

Answer 4

standards and practices are valued relatively

Question 5

Ethical Relativism

Answer 5

the notion that no beliefs or actions are right or wwrong

Question 6

Situational ethics

Answer 6

Relative view of the Bible

Absolute view of culture

Question 7

Antinomianism

Answer 7

Relative view of the Bible

Relative view of culture

Question 8

Traditionalism

Answer 8

Absolute view of the Bible

Absolute view of Culture

Question 9

Mutual Respect

Answer 9

Absolute view of the Bible

Relative view of culture

Question 10

4 Main fields of Anthropology

Answer 10

Physical - science

Cultural - Linguistics, Archaeology

Question 11

Culture

Answer 11

That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

The learned and shared attitudes, values and ways of behaving of the members of a society.

Question 12

Society

Answer 12

A self perpetuating group who share a geographical territory and a culture

Question 13

Building block approach to culture as a pyramid

Answer 13

• Belief
o Norms – acceptable behavior
 Values – difference between good and bad
• Sanctions – the enforcement of those norms

Question 14

Customs

Answer 14

optional behavior

Question 15

Folkways

Answer 15

unwritten social expectations, manners

Question 16

Mores

Answer 16

prohibitions including most offensive of all taboos. Mores are for a decent civilized society

Question 17

Laws

Answer 17

legalized requirements

Question 18

Institutions

Answer 18

the place where people learn their culture

Question 19

3 Components of world view

Answer 19

1. Reality
2. Identity
3. Natural vs Supernatural

Question 20

Edward P Tylor

Answer 20

• The man who coined and defined the term culture

o He developed a threefold stage through which culture evolves
 Savagery
 Barbarism
 Civilization

Question 21

Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 21

 Morgan was an attorney who defended the Iroquois in a battle for land
• As they were deeply appreciative they adopted him into their tribe
• Morgan realized they had many fathers and mothers and brothers and sisters who were not biologically related
o They had a classificatory system vs descriptive systems (descriptive like we have for singular father mother)
• Morgan published a book describing the pyramid of human development
o Evolved from primitive to civilized
o Savagery to Barbarism is marked by using pots
o Barbarism to Civilization is a result of evolving linguistic reading and writing

Question 22

Franz Boaz

Answer 22

 Boaz studied the eskimos and their environment
 Theorizing vs Fieldwork
• Fieldwork is wht made anthropology scientific
• He objected to theorizing

Question 23

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 23

 His approach was functionalist
• He was not interested in history but how does a culture work now
• Participant observation “walk in their moccasins”

Question 24

Alfred Reginald Radcliff Brown (AR Brown)

Answer 24

 He identified as a structural functionalist
• Culture is something very abstract – you get into the culture by examining the structures, or institutions of a society
• Culture developed in groups not individually

Question 25

Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead

Answer 25

taught by Boaz

Leaned on psychoanalytic theory and personality structures

Question 26

George Murdock

Answer 26

established cross cultural studies through Yale

Question 27

Beatrice Whiting

Answer 27

worked with the Paiute Indians of Nevada

 With no centralized authority witchcraft was consistently more important culturally as a way to bring social pressure into the norms of a culture

Question 28

Enthnographic approach to studying culture

Answer 28

• Contextual
• Qualitative
• Emic
• Ideographic – ideo comes form ideals

Question 29

Cross cultural approach to studying culture

Answer 29

• Comparative
• Quantitative
• Etic
• Nomothetic

Question 30

Claude Levi Strauss

Answer 30

Developed Structural Anthropology

• Strauss is looking from common denominator across all people group
o Binary contrasts exists in all cultures
 Night vs day
 Up vs down
 Male vs female
 Good vs evil

Question 31

3 main views in social science

Answer 31

1. Survey research
2. Experimental designs
3. Field research

Question 32

Preparing for the field fieldwork

Answer 32

o Training and Familiarity
o Funding
o Orientation of research

Question 33

• Contact person

Answer 33

outside the particular people group but knows the people

Question 34

• Informants

Answer 34

a member of the community willing to sit with the anthropologist to get to know the culture closely

Question 35

The Nature of Fieldwork - Participant observation

Answer 35

o Establishing social relationships with as many people as possible
o To role play – live life like them – walk in their moccasins
o Malinowskian Ideal – to cease to be a disturbing element in the tribal culture. Integrated successfully where people forget you are there

Question 36

Research Techniques and Tools’

Answer 36

• Originally Pencil and notebooks
• Census and maps
• Genealogies and life histories
• Camera – visual ethnography
• Audio recorder – language music folklore interview ect
• Computer
• Diary or Daily log – organized chronologically
• Field notebook – information organized by topic and subject matter

Question 37

Human aspects of fieldwork

Answer 37

• Living arrangements
• Food supplies
• Currency
• Lack of privacy – emotional well being
• Sanitation and health