Exam Flashcards
___ is a process that begins when B cells encounter antigens during humoral immunity.
Antigen Recognition
During ____, B cells internalize antigens and present fragments on their surface.
Antigen Presentation
Helper T cells recognize antigen-MHC II complex and release _____ that activate the B cell.
cytokines
During _____, B cell dividies and produces identical copies of itself
Clonal Selection
___ cells release large amounts of antibodies into the bloodstream
Plasma
The blocking of harmful effects of toxins or pathogens by antibodies is called ____
Neutralizaiton
The marking of pathogens for phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils is called ___.
Opsonization
___ triggers the complement system leading to pathogen destruction
Complement Activation
The clumping together of pathogens for easier removal by immune cells
Agglutination
___ cells “remember” a specific antigen and facilitate a faster response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Memory B
Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells are ____ that engulf and process antigens during cellular immunity.
antigen-presenting cells
Helper T cells are also known as ____ cells.
CD4+ T
CD28 on T cells is a _____ signal.
Co-stimulatory
Once activated, helper T cells undergo ___ leading to large amounts of identical T cells being produced
clonal expansion
___ cells are involved in cellular immunity and the activation of cytotoxic T cells.
Th1
Cytotoxic T cells are also known as ___ cells.
CD8+ T
This interleukin is produced by helper T cells and stimulates the activation/differentiation of cytotoxic T cells.
IL-2
Activated cytotoxic T cells release ___ which induces apoptosis.
Perforin and Granzymes
Regulatory T cells suppress ___ immune responses.
Excessive
After an infection is cleared, most ___ cells undergo apoptosis.
Effector T
____ are molecules that can induce an immune response.
antigens
The immune system uses ___ interactions to distinguish self and non-self.
antigen-receptor
_______ is a membrane-bound antibody that recognizes and binds to specific antigens
B cell receptor, BCR
BCR engagement with an antigen triggers B cell ___.
Activation
_____ is a membrane-bound protein that recognizes peptide antigens presented on the surface of infected or abnormal cells.
T cell receptor, TCR
TCRs interact with ____ or MHC molecules.
major histocompatibility complex
_____ contain antigens which are parts of the pathogen that trigger an immune response.
Vaccines
The type I immune hypersensitivity is mediated by ___ antibodies
IgE
Type II immune hypersensitivity is mediated by ___ or ____ antibodies.
IgM or IgG
Immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity is mediated by ____.
immune complexes, antigen-antibody aggregates
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediated a type ___ hypersensitivity.
IV (4)
___ immune system is less effective at fighting off pathogens such as bacteria
weakened
When the immune system becomes overactive or mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells, ___ diseases can occur.
Autoimmune
____ disorders are characterized by a weakened or absent immune response.
Immunodefinciency
Primary immunodeficiency disorders are usually ___
Genetic
Dysregulation of the immune system can lead to _____
chronic inflammation
A compromised immune system may struggle to recognize and eliminate ___ cells, increasing the risk of cancer development and progression
cancer
Immune system dysfunction can result in exaggerated responses to certain stimuli leading to ____ reactions.
hypersensitivity
Weakened immune function can lead to ___ infections
Secondary
______ tests for the presentence of antibodies or antigens in patient’s blood.
ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
The ___ is used as a confirmatory test for HIV
Western blot
With ___, fluorescently labeled antibodies are used to detect antigens in patient samples.
Direct IFA
With ____, secondary fluorescently labeled antibodies are used to detect antigens in patient serum.
Indirect IFA
The ___ test is used to diagnose typhoid fever
Widal
The ___ test is used for syphilis diagnosis
rapid plasma reagin, RPR
Measure the activity of the complement system in response to antigen-antibody complexes.
Classic Complement Fixation Test
______ amplifies and detects nucleic acids of pathogens
Polymerase chain reaction, PCR
_______ allows for the quantification of DNA or RNA during the amplification process
Real-time PCR, qPCR
____ identifies and quantifies specific immune cells in the blood.
Flow cytometry immunophenotyping
Measurement of ___ levels can provide info about the immune response.
Cytokine
Tuberculin skin test or ___ is used to diagnose tuberculosis.
Mantoux test
NGS or ___ can be used to sequence the entire genome of pathogens.
Next-Generation Sequencing
Antibody ___ tests can be used to determine the ability of antibodies to neutralize pathogen infectivity.
Neutralization
