Exam Flashcards
Define Anatomy vs Physiology
Anatomy = Structure
Physiology = Function
(PH = Function)
What is homeostasis?
Body’s ability to maintain constant internal environment despite external conditions
What’s the smallest LIVING unit?
CELL (not atom)
Atom = smallest but not living
What’s the organizational hierarchy
Atoms (smallest but NOT living)
Cells (smallest LIVING unit)
Tissues (groups of cells)
Organs (made of tissues)
Systems (multiple organs working together)
Medial vs Lateral
Medial = toward midline (M for Middle)
Lateral = away from midline
Superior vs Inferior
Superior = above
Inferior = below
Example: Head superior to feet
Anterior/Ventral
front
Posterior/Dorsal
back
Proximal vs Distal
Proximal = closer to origin
Distal = farther from origin
Example: Knee proximal to feet
Superficial vs Deep
Superficial = near body surface
Deep = away from surface
What are the major cavities and what’s in them?
Ventral (front)
Contains thoracic cavity with mediastinum (heart)
Dorsal (back)
Contains brain and spinal cord
What organs must you know in which quadrants?
RUQ: Liver and gallbladder
LUQ: Spleen
(Only these 3 organs required)
What’s negative feedback and how often used?
Most common type
Opposes/reverses change
Example: Shivering when cold
What’s positive feedback and when used?
Rarely used
Only during:
Childbirth (contractions)
Blood clotting
Integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails
Protection, temperature, sensation
Skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, ligament
Movement
muscular system
Movement, posture, heat production
lymphatic system
Parts: Lymph nodes, vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, tonsils
Function: Immune cells, fight disease/bacteria/viruses
Key: “Think getting sick”
Respiratory system
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Oxygen absorption, carbon dioxide removal, Acid-base balance, Speech
Urinary system
Kidneys, bladder
Remove waste, blood pressure, volume control, Control of electrolytes, acid-base balance
Nervous system
Parts: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Functions: Control center, regulate systems, sensation, memory
Endocrine system
Parts: Pituitary gland, pancreas
Function: Hormone production
Cardiovascular or Circulatory
Parts: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Function: Blood circulation, Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells, antibodies
Fluid/electrolyte balance
Endocrine system
Parts: Adrenals, thyroid, parathyroids, Pituitary gland, pancreas
Function: Hormone production, Control/regulation of other systems
