Exam Flashcards
What is the geographic perspective?
Social, Economic, Environmental, Political
What are key questions in geographic perspective?
Why is something there/why does this matter? What can certain patterns tell us about something?
What percentage of Canada’s landmass is the Canadian Shield?
50%
Describe the Canadian Shield.
Region shaped by large bedrock covered by soil, with a horseshoe shape and thousands of small bites surrounded by bogs and marshes.
What notable geological features does the Canadian Shield hold?
Some of the oldest rock on the planet and shorter, rolling hills.
What are some economic activities in the Canadian Shield?
Mining, forestry, hydroelectricity.
What are some leisure activities in the Canadian Shield?
Hunting, camping.
Name major cities located in the Canadian Shield.
Sudbury, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City, Iqaluit, Thunder Bay, Winnipeg.
What are glacial striations?
Scratches or grooves cut into bedrock by glacial movement.
What are some other regions associated with the Canadian Shield?
Wapusk National Park, Baffin Islands, Coronation Hills, Lac de Gras, Torngat Mountains, Laurentian Mountains.
Appalachian mountains
-east coast of canada
-small region on east coast
-rolling mountains: weathering and erosion has worn away the peaks
-clusters of peninsulas and islands
-tidal intlets and dunes on the coast
-was once a region covered in water
major cities in the appalachian mountains
-st johns
-fredricton
-moncton
-charlottetown
other regions (appalachian mountains)
-nova scotia highlands
-chaleur bay
-chic-chocs mountains
-gros morne national park
-gaspesie
leisure activities in mountain ranges in appalachian mountains
hiking
skiiing
camping
canoeing
leisure activities in the coastal ranges in appalachian mountains
whale watching
hiking
camping
sea kayaking
deep sea fishing
economic activities at appalachian mountains
mining
tourism
agriculture
fishing
what are the seven major plates
african
antarctic
eurasian
indo australian
north american
pacific
south american
what is the crust made of
dozens of plates
plates move as well as …
open and close ocean basins, form volcanoes, raise mountains, accumulate mineral and petroleum deposits, and influence evolution and climate change
why do plates move
because inside the esrth there is a liquid layer called magma, which is very hot. the convection currents that result from heating and cooling moves the plates
types of plate movements
-plates are not joined together, only touching
-plates move because molten rock below moves them (due to the movement of convection (heat) currents
-where the plates meet are called boundaries
subduction
it takes place at a convergent boundary, one plate drives (subducts) beneath the other, resulting in a variety of earthquakes and volcanoes on the overriding plate (coming a ridge)
definition of climate
daily weather condition of a place over a long period of time
weathering
is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces (sediment) entire mountains can be weathered into sediment by wind water or chemicals
renewable
can be continually harvested from nature
non renewable
made by nature through prolonged process
types of energy in canada
wind
oil sands
solar
tidal
geothermal
hydro
ways we use energy
heating and cooling systems
manufacturing products
lighting
transportation
L in lower near water
earths curvature causes suns energy to be less concentrated at the poles than near the equator (closer it is to the equator, the warmer it is)
ocean currents
can be warmer or cooler than water around it, air above water is affected by the temperature of the water as it passed over
winds and and air masses
air mass -> a large volume of air that has the temperature and humidity of the location where it was formed. if formed over water, air is wet. if formed iver land, air is dry.
patterns: prevailing winds. the westerlies (west of canada) is controlled via jet stream. both of jet stream is colder than south. jet stream moves forward in summer for eh north, and backwards in winter.
elevation
height the land is above sea level. as air rises it expands due to the decrease in air pressure. as air expands it cools. since cold air can’t hold as much moisture (water vapour) as warmer air, when the air cools the water vapour condensed into liquid water droplets. once the droplets are big enough they fall as rain or snow, depending on the temperature .
Renewable and nonrenewable
can be continuously harvested from nature
Made by nature through prolonged the process
Way we use energy
Heating/cooling system
Manufacturing products
Lighting
Transportation
types of energy in Canada
Wind
Oil sand
Solar
Tidal
Geothermal
Hydro
ecological footprint
Measurement of how much of the earth your lifestyle requires
Bio capacity
The ability of ecosystems to regenerate demands
Secondary industry, primary industry, tertiary industry
industries that must produce things provided by primary jobs
Careers involving extracting resources from nature
Anything providing a service to the community
natural disasters/forest fires
occurred in any forest bigger or small
48% of Forest fires are caused by lightning
52% are caused by human activity
There are sometimes controlled and sometimes accidental
Impact
Could be bad or good
If it burns near homes, communities, more lives can be threatened
Population density
Average number of people living per kilometre squared
pull factor
forces that attract people to new places and draw them away from their previous locations
Push factor
Factors that drive people to leave their previous location for a new place
Refugee class
People who move to another country who fear for their safety in their home country
Demography
Study of populations, population, density, historical trends, and population growth
Birth rate
Number of births per 1000 people
births divided by population multiplied by 100
Population pyramids
Are used to allow geographers to study the structure of a particular population
Dependency load
Any person who is not working or contributing to the countries’s economy is considered a dependent
Why does the government use population pyramids?
To predict future healthcare needs to plan employment and education opportunities to adjust immigration qualities
indigenous issues
Racial stereotyping
Discrimination
Loss of culture
40% of off reserve, indigenous children live in poverty
43% of office, reserve, indigenous, children, lack basic dental care
what was the treaty sign in our
itead of the lake treaty number 14, with the Mississauga’s of the credit in 1806
urban sprawl
The rapid spread of development outward from the inner city
Before popularity of cars , cities made me groove vertically, but in the mid 20th century, they started to expand horizontally
contributing factors
Creation of interstate and high-speed highways
Presence of inexpensive land on city periphery
Toronto
The city of Toronto and 25 surrounding municipalities have grown together into the GTA
Takes 1.5 hours to drive from the west end to the east end
Development continues to expand outward
Population distribution
population density measures how many people per kilometre square of land
population distribution looks at patterns
Canada’s population is not distributed evenly across Canada
Settlement patterns in Canada vary Ormus from large
cities to rural areas
Population distribution
The pattern of where people live in Norwegian or country
three types of population distribution
dispersed
Concentrated
Linear
dispersed
People are spread out, example, in an agricultural area
Concentrated
People are close together, example, in a city
Linear
patterns exist when population is concentrated in a line, example, along a major highway
Transportation land use
33% of developed land in Canadian cities is used for roads plus highways
