Exam Flashcards
Where are the pathologic alterations seen in alzheimers?
layer II of entorhinal cortex
(pyramidal cell islands)
What are the three groups the amygdala is divided into?
basolateral, corticomedial, central
(baso = ventral, cortico = dorso)
What fibers terminate in the corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala?
olfactory fibers, also fibers from brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus
What is the function of the basolateral nucleus fo the amygddala?
behaviour associated w/eating/drinking, reflex activity, behaviour in stressful situations
What is the function of the corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala?
behaviour w/hunger and eating
What si the function of the central nucleus of the amygdala?
respiratory and cardiovasuclar response
What causes damage to explicit memory?
lesion that damages hippocampal formation
Where in brain is implicit memory associated with?
basal ganglia, cerebellum
What is the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus?
consists of nerve bodies and granule cell dendrites
What layer is the output layer of the dentate gyrus?
granule cell layer (goes to hippocampus)
What is the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus?
consists of interneurons
What gives rise to the most prominent input to dentate gyrus?
entorhinal cortex (goes from dentate to hippocampus)
What is function of entorhinal cortex?
main connection to hippocampus (input), role in memory and spatial navigation
What is episodic memory?
looking back to memories that we experienced
remembering graduation, als imagining future trip
What is the fimbria of hippocampus a continuation of?
the alveusW
What is the main output pathway of hippocampal formation?
the fornix
What does the fornix relay information to?
hypothalamus and septal nuclei
What are the two crura of the fornix connected by?
commisural fibers
(hippocampal commisure)
What is included in the hippocampal foramtion?
hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, subiculum
What is the hippocampal formation invovled in?
consolidation of short term memory, learning, regulation of aggressive behaviour
What is the function of the amygdala?
regualtes emotional expression via modualting the hypothalamus
What is allodynia?
pain caused by stimulus that normally doesn’t cause pain
What thalamic nucleus is involved w/sensory processing of face?
ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamus
What structure in limbic system regulates autonomic and endocrine functionss?
hypothalamus
What mediates the visceral responses that accompany emotions?
hypothalamus (sent info by limbic system to do this)
What is another name for Korsakoff’s syndrome?
amnestic confabulatory syndrome
What is the cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome?
thiamin (B1) nutritional deficiency
usually from alcoholism
What are the symptoms of korsakoffs?
have anterograde and retrograde amnesia
changes seen in medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus, fornix, mamillary bodies
What make up the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampal formation
Where are mammillary bodies located?
posteroinferior aspect of hypothalmus
What are mammillary bodies involved with?
help w/spatial and episodic memory, help w/goal directed behaviours, emotion, process/remember smells
What is the role of the subiculum in the hippocampal formation?
Relay information from the hippocampus to other brain areas
What is the function of the intralaminar nuclei?
Arousal and attention
The stria terminalis is a major output pathway of which structure
amygdala
What thalamic nuclei are associated with motor function?
Ventral anterior thalamus (VA) and ventral lateral thalamus (VLa/VLp)
What condition is also known as thalamic pain syndrome?
Déjérine-Roussy syndrome
What does the molecular layer of the hippocampus merge with?
molecular layer of dentate gyrus and neocortex
What is the pyramidal layer of hippocampus?
most prominent, contains pyramidal cells, merges w/internal pyramidal layer of neocortex
What is the outermost layer of the hippocampus? What does it consist of?
polymorphic layer
interneurons
Who is solomon shereshevsky?
could remember almost anything instantly, had level of control over autonomic functions
What connects the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus?
perforant pathway
What does septal nuclei send fibers to?
send fibers via stria medullaris thalami to the habenular nucleus
Almost all the output of hippocampus is through the ?
subiculum
What caused solomon shereshevsky to be so special?
he had synaesthesia (fivefold)
What three nuclei make up the anterior nuclear group?
anteroventral (AV), anteromedial (AM), anterodorsal (AD)
What is the function of anterior nuclear group?
relay nucleus of the Papez circuit of emotion
expression of emotions, paly role in learning and memory
What is included in the medial nuclear group?
dorsomedial nucleus and midline nuclei
What is function of dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus?
processing info related to emotion
What is the function of the midline nuclei of thalamus?
modulation of cortical excitability
WHat does damage to the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus cause?
reduction in anxiety, aggression, and obsessive thinking
What is included in the dorsal tier and lateral nuclear group of thalamus?
lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, and pulvinar
What dorsal tier nucleus is similar to anterior thalamus?
lateral dorsal thalamus
What does the lateral posterior and pulvinar thalami do?
integrate sensory info across modalities
What is included in the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group?
ventral anterior, ventral lateral, ventral posterior
What parts of the ventral tier are involved w/motor relay?
ventral anterior and ventral lateral
What part of ventral tier are involved w/sensory relay?
ventral posterior
What causes Dejerine-Roussy syndrome?
lesion to thalamus
aka thalamic pain syndrome
What are the symptoms of Dejerine-Roussy syndrome?
causes allodynia, hyperpathia (intense response to pain), dysesthesia (abnormal sensation by touch)
felt in parts of body where sensation was lost
Damage to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus would cause?
affect the somatosensory input from the body
What thalamic nuclei relays auditory information to auditory cortex?
medial geniculate nucleus
What nucleus of the thalamus is involved with the limbic system?
anterior nucleus
What is anencephaly?
birth defect when major portion of brain/skull/scalp is missing
(neural tube defect)
Are pyramidal cells excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
What is the function of the cells of Martinotti?
inhibit pyramidal cells
What cells guide neural growths during development?
horizontal cells of Cajal
What is layer I of the cortex called?
molecular (plexiform) layer
What are some characteristics of layer I of the cortex?
mostly connective fibers, very few bodies, dendrites from cells, thalamocortical connections
What is the name for layer II of the cortex?
external granular layer
What are some characteristics of layer II of the cortex?
mostly granule cells, few small pyramidal ccells w/upward branching dendrites,
What is the name for layer III of the cortex?
external pyramidal layer
What are some characteristics of layer III of the cortex?
medium sized pyramidal cells, apical dendrites branch upward,
What is the name for layer IV of the cortex?
internal granular layer
What are some characteristics of layer IV of the cortex?
main input layer, mostly stellate cells, axons remain in cortex, fibers form horizontal bands (outer band)
What is the name for layer V of the cortex?
internal pyramidal layer
What are some characteristics of layer V of the cortex?
main output layer of cortex, fibers form horizontal bands (inner),
What is the name for layer VI of the cortex?
multiform (fusiform) layer
What are some characteristics of layer VI of the cortex?
mostly fusiform cells, many corticothalamic connections
What is the internal medullary lamina?
white matter structure in the thalamus that separates the thalamic nuclei into medial, lateral, and anterior groups
What does tthe internal medullary lammina contain?
the afferent and efferent thalamic fibers that enter/exit thalamic subnuclei
What is the interthalamic adhesion?
band of tissue that connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial surfaces
What is the parafascicular nucleus?
site of termination of fibers coming from supplementary motor area
What is the centromedian nucleus?
site of termination of fibers from globus pallidus, premotor, and primary motor
What might the lateral dorsal nucleus be involved in?
expression of emotion
What is referred to as the paleothalamus?
medial, anterior
What is referred to as the neothalamus?
lateral
How many layers are found in the archicortex?
3
How many layers are found in the neocortex?
6
How many layers are found in mesocortex?
3-6
How many layers found in paleocortex?
3-5
What direction do apical dendrites extend
upward
WHat direction do basal dendrites extend?
laterally
What is included in the allocortex?
archicortex and paleocortex
hippocampus, olfactory cortex, parahippocampal gyrus
What is included in the mesocortex?
cingualte gyrus, insula
Where is the cingulum clocated?
cingulate gyrus
What does the cingulum do?
forms connection between anterior perforated substance and parahippocampal gyrus
What is the pathway in brain for repeating a word that you heard?
auditory areas -> wernickes area -> brocas area -> motor cortex
What is fluent paraphasic speech?
wernicke’s aphasia
basically word salad
The corona radiata converge to form?
the internal capsule
Is motor cortex granular or agranular cortex?
agranular
Is the primary sensory cortex granular or agranualr?
granular
What does the Superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?
frontal, parielta, temporal, and occipital lobrs
What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?
temporal to frontal
