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KINE 3650 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the pathologic alterations seen in alzheimers?

A

layer II of entorhinal cortex

(pyramidal cell islands)

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2
Q

What are the three groups the amygdala is divided into?

A

basolateral, corticomedial, central

(baso = ventral, cortico = dorso)

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3
Q

What fibers terminate in the corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala?

A

olfactory fibers, also fibers from brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is the function of the basolateral nucleus fo the amygddala?

A

behaviour associated w/eating/drinking, reflex activity, behaviour in stressful situations

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5
Q

What is the function of the corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala?

A

behaviour w/hunger and eating

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6
Q

What si the function of the central nucleus of the amygdala?

A

respiratory and cardiovasuclar response

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7
Q

What causes damage to explicit memory?

A

lesion that damages hippocampal formation

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8
Q

Where in brain is implicit memory associated with?

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum

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9
Q

What is the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus?

A

consists of nerve bodies and granule cell dendrites

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10
Q

What layer is the output layer of the dentate gyrus?

A

granule cell layer (goes to hippocampus)

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11
Q

What is the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus?

A

consists of interneurons

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12
Q

What gives rise to the most prominent input to dentate gyrus?

A

entorhinal cortex (goes from dentate to hippocampus)

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13
Q

What is function of entorhinal cortex?

A

main connection to hippocampus (input), role in memory and spatial navigation

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14
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

looking back to memories that we experienced

remembering graduation, als imagining future trip

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15
Q

What is the fimbria of hippocampus a continuation of?

A

the alveusW

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16
Q

What is the main output pathway of hippocampal formation?

A

the fornix

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17
Q

What does the fornix relay information to?

A

hypothalamus and septal nuclei

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18
Q

What are the two crura of the fornix connected by?

A

commisural fibers

(hippocampal commisure)

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19
Q

What is included in the hippocampal foramtion?

A

hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, subiculum

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20
Q

What is the hippocampal formation invovled in?

A

consolidation of short term memory, learning, regulation of aggressive behaviour

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21
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

regualtes emotional expression via modualting the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What is allodynia?

A

pain caused by stimulus that normally doesn’t cause pain

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23
Q

What thalamic nucleus is involved w/sensory processing of face?

A

ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamus

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24
Q

What structure in limbic system regulates autonomic and endocrine functionss?

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

What mediates the visceral responses that accompany emotions?

A

hypothalamus (sent info by limbic system to do this)

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26
Q

What is another name for Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

amnestic confabulatory syndrome

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27
Q

What is the cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

thiamin (B1) nutritional deficiency

usually from alcoholism

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of korsakoffs?

A

have anterograde and retrograde amnesia

changes seen in medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus, fornix, mamillary bodies

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29
Q

What make up the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampal formation

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30
Q

Where are mammillary bodies located?

A

posteroinferior aspect of hypothalmus

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31
Q

What are mammillary bodies involved with?

A

help w/spatial and episodic memory, help w/goal directed behaviours, emotion, process/remember smells

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32
Q

What is the role of the subiculum in the hippocampal formation?

A

Relay information from the hippocampus to other brain areas

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33
Q

What is the function of the intralaminar nuclei?

A

Arousal and attention

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34
Q

The stria terminalis is a major output pathway of which structure

A

amygdala

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35
Q

What thalamic nuclei are associated with motor function?

A

Ventral anterior thalamus (VA) and ventral lateral thalamus (VLa/VLp)

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36
Q

What condition is also known as thalamic pain syndrome?

A

Déjérine-Roussy syndrome

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37
Q

What does the molecular layer of the hippocampus merge with?

A

molecular layer of dentate gyrus and neocortex

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38
Q

What is the pyramidal layer of hippocampus?

A

most prominent, contains pyramidal cells, merges w/internal pyramidal layer of neocortex

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39
Q

What is the outermost layer of the hippocampus? What does it consist of?

A

polymorphic layer

interneurons

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40
Q

Who is solomon shereshevsky?

A

could remember almost anything instantly, had level of control over autonomic functions

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41
Q

What connects the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus?

A

perforant pathway

42
Q

What does septal nuclei send fibers to?

A

send fibers via stria medullaris thalami to the habenular nucleus

43
Q

Almost all the output of hippocampus is through the ?

A

subiculum

44
Q

What caused solomon shereshevsky to be so special?

A

he had synaesthesia (fivefold)

45
Q

What three nuclei make up the anterior nuclear group?

A

anteroventral (AV), anteromedial (AM), anterodorsal (AD)

46
Q

What is the function of anterior nuclear group?

A

relay nucleus of the Papez circuit of emotion

expression of emotions, paly role in learning and memory

47
Q

What is included in the medial nuclear group?

A

dorsomedial nucleus and midline nuclei

48
Q

What is function of dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus?

A

processing info related to emotion

49
Q

What is the function of the midline nuclei of thalamus?

A

modulation of cortical excitability

50
Q

WHat does damage to the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus cause?

A

reduction in anxiety, aggression, and obsessive thinking

51
Q

What is included in the dorsal tier and lateral nuclear group of thalamus?

A

lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, and pulvinar

52
Q

What dorsal tier nucleus is similar to anterior thalamus?

A

lateral dorsal thalamus

53
Q

What does the lateral posterior and pulvinar thalami do?

A

integrate sensory info across modalities

54
Q

What is included in the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group?

A

ventral anterior, ventral lateral, ventral posterior

55
Q

What parts of the ventral tier are involved w/motor relay?

A

ventral anterior and ventral lateral

56
Q

What part of ventral tier are involved w/sensory relay?

A

ventral posterior

57
Q

What causes Dejerine-Roussy syndrome?

A

lesion to thalamus

aka thalamic pain syndrome

58
Q

What are the symptoms of Dejerine-Roussy syndrome?

A

causes allodynia, hyperpathia (intense response to pain), dysesthesia (abnormal sensation by touch)

felt in parts of body where sensation was lost

59
Q

Damage to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus would cause?

A

affect the somatosensory input from the body

60
Q

What thalamic nuclei relays auditory information to auditory cortex?

A

medial geniculate nucleus

61
Q

What nucleus of the thalamus is involved with the limbic system?

A

anterior nucleus

62
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

birth defect when major portion of brain/skull/scalp is missing

(neural tube defect)

63
Q

Are pyramidal cells excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

64
Q

What is the function of the cells of Martinotti?

A

inhibit pyramidal cells

65
Q

What cells guide neural growths during development?

A

horizontal cells of Cajal

66
Q

What is layer I of the cortex called?

A

molecular (plexiform) layer

67
Q

What are some characteristics of layer I of the cortex?

A

mostly connective fibers, very few bodies, dendrites from cells, thalamocortical connections

68
Q

What is the name for layer II of the cortex?

A

external granular layer

69
Q

What are some characteristics of layer II of the cortex?

A

mostly granule cells, few small pyramidal ccells w/upward branching dendrites,

70
Q

What is the name for layer III of the cortex?

A

external pyramidal layer

71
Q

What are some characteristics of layer III of the cortex?

A

medium sized pyramidal cells, apical dendrites branch upward,

72
Q

What is the name for layer IV of the cortex?

A

internal granular layer

73
Q

What are some characteristics of layer IV of the cortex?

A

main input layer, mostly stellate cells, axons remain in cortex, fibers form horizontal bands (outer band)

74
Q

What is the name for layer V of the cortex?

A

internal pyramidal layer

75
Q

What are some characteristics of layer V of the cortex?

A

main output layer of cortex, fibers form horizontal bands (inner),

76
Q

What is the name for layer VI of the cortex?

A

multiform (fusiform) layer

77
Q

What are some characteristics of layer VI of the cortex?

A

mostly fusiform cells, many corticothalamic connections

78
Q

What is the internal medullary lamina?

A

white matter structure in the thalamus that separates the thalamic nuclei into medial, lateral, and anterior groups

79
Q

What does tthe internal medullary lammina contain?

A

the afferent and efferent thalamic fibers that enter/exit thalamic subnuclei

80
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion?

A

band of tissue that connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial surfaces

81
Q

What is the parafascicular nucleus?

A

site of termination of fibers coming from supplementary motor area

82
Q

What is the centromedian nucleus?

A

site of termination of fibers from globus pallidus, premotor, and primary motor

83
Q

What might the lateral dorsal nucleus be involved in?

A

expression of emotion

84
Q

What is referred to as the paleothalamus?

A

medial, anterior

85
Q

What is referred to as the neothalamus?

A

lateral

86
Q

How many layers are found in the archicortex?

A

3

87
Q

How many layers are found in the neocortex?

A

6

88
Q

How many layers are found in mesocortex?

A

3-6

89
Q

How many layers found in paleocortex?

A

3-5

90
Q

What direction do apical dendrites extend

A

upward

91
Q

WHat direction do basal dendrites extend?

A

laterally

92
Q

What is included in the allocortex?

A

archicortex and paleocortex

hippocampus, olfactory cortex, parahippocampal gyrus

93
Q

What is included in the mesocortex?

A

cingualte gyrus, insula

94
Q

Where is the cingulum clocated?

A

cingulate gyrus

95
Q

What does the cingulum do?

A

forms connection between anterior perforated substance and parahippocampal gyrus

96
Q

What is the pathway in brain for repeating a word that you heard?

A

auditory areas -> wernickes area -> brocas area -> motor cortex

97
Q

What is fluent paraphasic speech?

A

wernicke’s aphasia

basically word salad

98
Q

The corona radiata converge to form?

A

the internal capsule

99
Q

Is motor cortex granular or agranular cortex?

A

agranular

100
Q

Is the primary sensory cortex granular or agranualr?

A

granular

101
Q

What does the Superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

frontal, parielta, temporal, and occipital lobrs

102
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

temporal to frontal

KINE 3650 (3 decks)

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