EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What is Chemistry?

A

The study of the structure and properties of different substances.

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2
Q

Who is a chemist?

A

A person who studies Chemistry

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3
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

When substances react together, they undergo a chemical change and form completely new substances.

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4
Q

How do we represent a chemical reaction?

A

Using a chemical equation or a word equation.

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5
Q

What is the arrangement of a solid?

A

Tightly packed in a regular arrangement.

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6
Q

What is the arrangement of a liquid?

A

Particles are close together and in an irregular arrangement.

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7
Q

What is the arrangement of a gas?

A

Particles are far apart and irregular.

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8
Q

How do atoms in a solid move?

A

They vibrate in fixed positions.

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9
Q

How do atoms in a liquid move?

A

They move over each other.

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10
Q

How do particles in a gas move?

A

They move freely and faster.

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11
Q

What’s the volume of a solid?

A

Fixed Volume.

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12
Q

What’s the volume of a liquid?

A

Fixed Liquid.

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13
Q

What’s the volume of a gas?

A

No fixed volume.

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14
Q

What’s the shape of a solid?

A

Definite shape.

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15
Q

What’s the shape of a liquid?

A

No fixed shape and takes the shape of the container.

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16
Q

What’s the shape of a gas?

A

No fixed shape and spread throughout the container.

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17
Q

What’s the compressibility of a solid?

A

Cannot be compressed.

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18
Q

What’s the force of attraction of solids?

A

Strong forces of attraction.

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19
Q

What’s the force of attraction for liquids?

A

Weaker forces of attraction.

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20
Q

What’s the force of attraction of gases?

A

No forces of attraction.

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21
Q

What’s the energy of solids?

A

Lower kinetic energy.

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22
Q

What’s the energy of liquids?

A

More energy than solids but less that gases.

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23
Q

What’s the energy for gases?

A

Greatest kinetic energy.

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24
Q

What’s solid to liquid?

A

Melting

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25
Q

What’s liquid to gas?

A

Vaporization.

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26
Q

What’s gas to liquid?

A

Condensation.

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27
Q

What’s liquid to solid?

A

Freezing.

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28
Q

What’s Solid to Gas?

A

Sublimation.

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29
Q

What’s gas to solid?

A

Reverse sublimation.

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30
Q

What’s the difference between boiling and evaporation?

A

Boiling happens at the boiling point only. At this temperature, all particles are able to convert from liquid to gas.

Evaporation happens over a range of temperatures and is a surface phenonomenon.

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31
Q

What is the Diffusion?

A

When particles move from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration till the particles are evenly spread out.

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32
Q

In what substances does diffusion take place?

A

Liquids and Gases.

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33
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance containing only one type of atom.

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34
Q

What is a compound?

A

A chemical substance consisted of two or more elements chemically-bonded together.

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35
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Two or more substances that are physically mixed with each other and can be easily separated are called mixtures.

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36
Q

A compound is formed as a result of a…

A

Chemical Reaction.

The properties of a. compound are unique, therefore it is independant of the reactions.

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37
Q

What is a solute?

A

A soluble solid dissolved in a solvent.

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38
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid that dissolves a solute.

39
Q

What is a solution?

A

When a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

40
Q

What is insoluble?

A

When a solute does not dissolve in a solvent.

41
Q

what is partially soluble?

A

When a solute partly dissolves into the solvent.

42
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A mixture formed when a substance is partially soluble in the solvent, so it forms a solution which is cloudy, this is called a suspension solution.

43
Q

What happens during dissolving?

A

There are spaces between solvent particles. Solute particles go in between solvent particles when dissolving. Mass is conserved when dissolving.

44
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A saturated solution is a solution that has the maximum amount of solute dissolved in it at a specific temperature.

A solution in which no more solid can dissolve in it.

45
Q

What is an atom?

A

The basica building block of matter.

46
Q

What is a molucule?

A

2 or more atoms that are chemically bonded.

47
Q

What is an ion?

A

Ions are charged particles, when atoms gain/lose a charge.

48
Q

Why are atoms neutral?

A

Because an atom contains equal numbers of protons (positive charges) and electron (negative charges).

49
Q

During a chemical reaction, an ion…

A

may gain or lose electrons.

50
Q

What is a ANION?

A

If an atom gains an electron, it becomes a ANION. (negative charged ion).

51
Q

What is an Cation

A

If an atom loses electron, it becomes a Cation (positive charged ion).

52
Q

What is filtration?

A

This is the method used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.

53
Q

Draw a diagram for a Filtration set up?

A

Filter paper,
Funnel,
Bung,
Residue,
Salt Walter,
Conical flask,
Beaker containing mixture.

54
Q

What is separation using a separating funnel?

A

separating a immiscible liquid from a mixture of other liquids.

55
Q

Draw a diagram for separating using a separation funnel.

A

Separating Funnel,
tap,
oil,
funnel

56
Q

What is decanting?

A

Separating a liquid from an insoluble solid

57
Q

What is separating using a magnet?

A

Separating a ferromagnetic substance from a mixture with non-ferromagnetic material.

58
Q

What is simple dilstillation?

A

separating a liquid from a solution.

59
Q

Draw a diagram for simple distillation

A

thermometer; heat, solution, round bottom-flask; water cooled condenser, water in, water out, pure solvent, beaker.

60
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Separating a miscible liquid from a mixture with other liquids.

61
Q

Draw a diagram for fractional distillation:

A

THERMOMETER;
HEAT,
ROUND BOTTOMED FLASK
MIXTURE OF LIQUIDS
FRACTIONING COLUMN,
WATER COOLED CONDENSER,
WATER IN,
WATER OUT,
ONE PURE LIQUID,
BEAKER

62
Q

What is crystyllization?

A

Separating a soluble solid from a solution
(ex sodium chloride from water)

63
Q

Why is crystallization significatn?

A

It is both a purification and separation technique.

64
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Separating a mixture of dyes from each other.

65
Q

Draw a chrotomahgraph?

A

rod holding paper,
chromatography paper,
beaker,
pencil line,
solvent

66
Q

How do we analyze a chromatogram run?

A

The dye that travelled the furthest is the most soluble in water and the dye that travelled the least far is the least soluble in water.

67
Q

What is the first group in the Periodic table called?

A

Alkali metals.

68
Q

What is the second group in the Periodic table called?

A

Alkaline Earth Metals.

69
Q

What is the 7th Group in the periodic table called?

A

Halogens.

70
Q

What is the 8th group in the Periodic table called?

A

Noble Gases.

71
Q

Horizontal rows in the periodic table are:

A

Periods

72
Q

Verical columns in the periodic table are called

A

Groups

73
Q

Why do elements in the same group have simillar chemical properties?

A

Because elements in the same group have the same amount in electrons in the last shell, causing them to have simillar properties.

74
Q

Why are group 8 elements called noble gases?

A

They’re completely unreactive.

75
Q

Draw an atom:

A

Nucleus,
Protons and Neutrons in the Nucleus,
Electrons in orbitals.

76
Q

Why is an atom neutral by charge?

A

Because it has an equal amount of protons and electrons.

77
Q

What is the atomic nummber?

A

It states how many protons an element has.

78
Q

What’s the mass number?

A

States the mass of the element.

79
Q

What are the subatomic particles in an atom:

A

Electrons, Protons, Neutrons.

80
Q

What does the number of shells tell us about the positioning of an element on the periodic table?

A

It tells us the PERIOD.

81
Q

What does the valency electron tell us about the positioning of the element on the periodic table?

A

It tells us the GROUP it belongs to.

82
Q

How are elements in a periodic table arranged?

A

in increasing atomic number.

83
Q

What is electronic configuration?

A

The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus.

84
Q

What is the valence electron?

A

The number of electrons in the outer shell.

85
Q

Which side of the table are metals found?

A

METALS are found to the LEFT,

NONMETALS are found to the RIGHT.

86
Q

Some of the non-metals are in…

A

gasous form.

87
Q

What are diatomic particles?

A

Elements consisting of two atoms chemically bonded together.

88
Q

Examples of diatomic particles?

A

F2, CL2, BR2, I2, N2, O2

89
Q

What are the items on the left side of the chemical equation called?

A

Reactants

90
Q

What are the items on the right side of the chemical equation called?

A

Products.

91
Q

Explain why products formed in chemical reactions will have different chemical properties to that of the reactants in terms of electrons.

A

During a chemical reaction, there will be a transference of electrons or sharing electrons. Therefore, the product formed will have different chemical properties to that of the reactant.

92
Q

12
C
6

What does the top number mean?

A

Protons + Neutrons.

93
Q

What does the second number mean?

12
C
6

A

Number of protons.

94
Q

WHAT DOES THIS NUMBER MEAN?

12
C +3
6

A

This means that 3 electrons have been subtracted. So the number of electrons will be 3.