EXAM Flashcards
What is health screening?
A way to assess peoples Potential diseases
What are 5 common medical conditions caught with health screening?
- High Cholesterol
- Diabetes
- High Blood pressure
- Osteoporosis
- Overweight and obesity
- prostate cancer in men
- Colorectal cancer
- breast cancer and cervical cancer
What is one of the most important steps to high-quality health screenings?
Operating high-quality services through a quality assurance system
Name 4 potential harms with health screenings?
- Over-diagnosis
- False negatives
- False positives
- Diverting health resources
Name 4 benefits of health screening
- increasing choice
- reducing severity, including less invasive treatment
- reducing incidence
- reducing deaths
What is health promotion and how is it different than a health screening?
Promotion encourages the person to prevent disease, screening catches disease
What are 5 topics chiropractors are well suited for teaching health promotions?
- developing public policy
- developing personal skills
- strengthening community action
- creating supportive environments
- reorienting health services
What are some health promotion success in our population?
Smoking, skin cancer, seatbelts, drunk driving, HIV, Alcohol, Breast exams, colon cancer testing
What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?
Sensitivity test for people with disease, specific test for people without disease
sensitivity is positive bc its good to be sensitity
specifity is hard to say so negative, how likey is a test to be correlcty neg
What are 5 approaches to health promotion?
Med/Prevent, Behaviour change, Education, Empowerment, Social Change
What is Primary Prevention in the Medical or Preventative approach?
Prevent disease in the first place
Is the Empowerment Approach a top-down or a bottom-up approach??
Bottom - up
What are 8 National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs)?
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions, Asthma, Cancer control, Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, Mental health, Injury prevention and control, Obesity, Dementia
Why are NHPAs important to focus on?
Costly to the community, costly to loss of life, costly to the community
What is the number one killer in Australia?
Heart Disease
What is the number one disease burden in Australia?
Cancer
Why was cardiovascular health selected for the NHPA?
Largest cause of preventable deaths, expensive
What 3 NHPAs are chiropractors well placed?
Arthritis, Cardiovascular disease, obesity
What is the food Tick Program?
Food health rating compared to similar foods
Why is BMI important?
Obesity impacts a lot of NHPAs – diabetes, CVD, Cancer, Injuries
What is the Direct Cost to disease?
Health care services, meds, cost of prevention strategies
What is the Indirect Cost to disease?
Lost work, unpaid care, lost productivity, unnecessary travel
Why Is Mental Health selected for a NHPA?
Is it the leading cause of non-fatal disease burden
What is the most common form of diabetes?
Type 2 Mellitus
How much of communication is based on non-verbal body language, verbal and vocal?
Non verbal = 55%
Verbal = 7%
Vocal = 38%
Name 3 common postures and what they convey
- Leaning into a conversation or toward someonetypically suggests interest or excitement.
- Standing up straight, sometimes with hands on hips,can suggest excitement, eagerness, and confidence.
- Standing straight with hands at the sidesis a common resting position that suggests a willingness to engage and listen.
What 6 feeling can we read from a person face?
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Displeasure
- Anger
- Fear
- Interest
What role do cultural differences play in non-verbal communication
Eye contact and nodding can mean different things
How do developmental differences affect reading body language?
Cues may be different meaning for neurodiverse people
How can psychological differences impact understanding body language?
Mental health impacts body language, anxiety decreases eye contact
Name 5 types of body language?
- EYE CONTACT,
- FACIAL EXPRESSION,
- POSTURES AND STANCE,
- GESTURES,
- SPACE RELATIONSHIP
What can too little eye contact communicate?
not paying attention, impolite, insincere, shy
What can rapid eye blinking mean?
stress
dishonesty
What is the difference between a genuine and a insincere smile?
eyes
What does a person convey when they are sitting with their legs and arms crossed?
closed off, not receptive
What message is expressed when a person steps away when you step towards them?
threatened
What is the first step in presenting health promotion to your audience?
Knowing your audience
Why are empathy and compassion are powerful tools in communication?
Shows genuine concern and create a supportive environment that encourages open dialogue
Why should you avoid using medical jargon?
Helps bridge the gap between medical expertise and client understanding.
How do you avoid making assumptions?
Asking open ended questions
How do you frame health promotion positively
Focus on benefits instead of risks and downsides.
Why is it important to frame health promotion positively?
Inspire motivation and encouragement for client to take an active role
How to show respect towards individual choices?
Avoid judgement, encourage an open dialogue
How do you show you are using evidence-based information?
Support your recommendations with scientific evidence from reputable sources
Why is using evidence-based information important?
Fosters trust and confidence in your clients
Why is active listening important?
demonstrates that you value their opinions and perspectives
What are examples of good non-verbal communication?
Maintain good eye contact, use open and inviting body language, and show genuine interest
How do you encourage engagement with the client?
Encourage Two-Way Communication
Why is it important to obtain a good clinical history from a client
Good, accurate history
What are three steps in the diagnostic process?
- Form Differential Diagnoses and problems not to be missed on the basis of history findings
- Form a Working Diagnosis
- Establish a Definitive Diagnosis.
Why should practitioners diagnose their clients
It gives the basis for where treatment will follow
What are 4 components of the case history?
Pat details, complaint, life factors, systems review
Where does 80% of the diagnosis come from?
history
What are the specific areas questioned when evaluating the chief complaint or presenting illness?
LODCTRRAPPA
What does LODCTRRAPPA stand for?
L – Location Site
O – Onset/Cause
D – Duration
C – Course/Frequency
T – Type/Character/Intensity
R – Radiations
R – Relieving factors
A – Aggravating factors
P – Hx of Previous episode
P – Previous Hx of Tx/Investigations
A – Associated Sx
What are 7 primary Masquerades?
Depression, Diabetes, Drugs, Anaemia, Thyroid and endocrine disorders, Spinal dysfunction, UTI
What is a “good posture”?
distributes gravitational stress,
Name 4 things that affect postural development?
- Bony contours
- Laxity of ligamentous structures
- Fascial & musculotendinous tightness
- Muscle tonus
- Pelvic angle
- Joint position
- mobility
Name 2 main causes of poor posture?
Positional and structural factors
Name 2 poor posture positional factors?
- Muscle imbalances
- appears too tall
- pain
- respiratory conditions
Name 2 poor posture structural factors?
- Congenital abnormalities, 2. Developmental problems
- trauma, disease
What are 2 main postural deviations?
Static and dynamic
What is the difference between Varus and Valgus leg postures?
Varus is bowlegged, Valgus is knock-kneed
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of the spine
Name 5 causes of Lordosis
Postural deformity, Lax muscles (esp. abs), Heavy abdomen, Compensatory mechanism, Hip flexion contractur, Spondylolisthesi, Congential problems, high heels
What should always be asked for before performing an exam?
Consent
What is Swayback?
Lordosis of the low back often with kyphosis of the mid back
Name 5 exam elements?
- Look
- Feel
- Tap
- Listen
- Access Function
Define physical exam ?
Complete assessment of a patient’s physical and mental status
Name 4 vital signs?
- Heart Rate
- Blood Pressure
- Temperature
- Respiratory
Name 3 things to look for on hands and fingers?
- temperature
- colour
- cubbing
Name 4 things to look for on a neck exam?
- Symmetry
- Masses/scars
- Range of motion
4.Posture
What is a normal rating for muscle strength?
5
Why is it important to obtain vital signs from a patient?
A way to access overall physical function
What is a normal temperature?
38
What is the difference between surface and core temperature?
Core – temp of deep tissues, Surface – Skin temp
What is the pulse rate for tachycardia and bradycardia?
Tachy - >100bpm, Brady - <60bpm
What is a pulse deficit?
Diff in pulse between apical and radial – weak heart
Where is the apical pulse found?
Just lateral to the lower sternum under the pectoralis muscle (apex of heart)
What can increase respiratory rates?
Fever, illness
What is a normal blood pressure?
120/80
What things can affect the blood pressure measurement?
Cardiovasc disorders, neurological disorders, kidney and urological disorders
What is orthostatic hypotension?
low BP when getting up
What is a normal blood oxygen saturation level?
> 95%
How is blood oxygen saturation measured?
Pulse Oximeter
What is a fall (definition)?
A fall is defined as an event whereby an individual comes to rest on the ground or other lower level with or without the loss of consciousness
What is Australia’s number one cause of injury hospitalisation and death
falls
Name 3 seniors falls facts?
Fall once = more, women 3x more to be hospitalised, men die more
What are 5 impacts of falls?
- Psychological,
- Prolonged hospital
- Low of Independence
- Secondary Complications
- Low survival Rates
What percentage will not survive?
30%
What are 6 Fall Injury Levels?
None, Minor, Moderate, Major, Death, UTD
What is HEAR ME checklist?
Hazards, Educate, Anticipate, Round, Materials, Exercise
What is a mental health screening (MSE)?
An attempt at an objective assessment of the current state of the person’s mind
Name 5 perceptual disturbances?
Halluciinations, illusions, depersonalisation, derealisation, dissociation
Differences between age related memory loss and dementia?
Function independently, remembers forgetfulness, pauses but doesn’t get lost, difficulty finding words but still holds conversation, choice making is retained
What are four “D’s” that aren’t dementia?
delirium, depression, damaged brain, developmental delay, deficient education
Name a mental status exam?
MMSE, Mini Cog, Short Blessed, MoCA
What is diabetes?
A metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood
What are 4 types of diabetes?
Type1, Type 2, Gestational, Pre-diabetes
What are 4 symptoms of diabetes>
Excessive thirst, increased urination, unusual weight loss, fatigue, nausea, blurred vision, yeast infections, dry mouth, slow healing sores, itching skin
Name 5 risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
Genetics, fam hx, polycystic ovary synd, race, age, weight, inactivity
What is a gestational diabetes?
Pregnant
Complications of uncontrolled diabetes?
Amputation, heart disease, blindness, stroke, kidney failure, nerve damage
What are target blood glucose levels?
Under 6 before meals under 7.8 after meals
Name 6 signs of skin infection?
Pain, Swelling, Redness, Fever, Throbbing, Discharge
What does Etiology mean?
Cause of disease
What are primary skin lesions?
Skin changes produce by something
example: mosi bite
What are secondary skin lesions?
Primary lesion is now a disease
What is a “etymology”?
The study of the origin and history of words
What a examples of Greek influences in medical terminology?
GREEK - Arthro, Neuro, Osteo
What a examples of Latin influences in medical terminology?
LATIN – Musculus, vertebra, medulla
What is a “prefix” in medical terminology
The beginning part of a word, indicating location, time, number, or status
What is a “suffix” in medical terminology
The ending that modifies the meaning of the root
What does the term ”chiropractic” derive from?
From Greek cheir (hand) + praktikos (to do).
How is “cardiomyopathy” broken down?
Cardio – Heart; Myo – Muscle; pathy – disease
What does “Hyperkyphosis” mean?
Hyper – excessive; kyphos – hump; sis – condition
What are the Greek and Latin words for kidneys?
Greek – Nephros (nephrology); Latin – Ren (renal)
Itis means
Inflammation
How is “electromyography” broken down
Electro – Electricity; myo – muscle; graphy - record
Look at the slide show for more medical terms
