Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 12 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA is a large molecule made up of a long chain of ______

A

sub-units called nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is each nucleotide made up of?

A

deoxiribose sugar
phosphate group
organic/nitrogen base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule.

A

ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom.

A

deoxiribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the organic bases of DNA?

A

adenine(A)
thymine(T)
cytosine(C)
guanine(G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

paired strands are coiled into a spiral

A

double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

who discovered the chemical structure of DNA

A

watson and crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proteins that perform a function

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA contains deoxirobose sugar, RNA contains ribose, DNA contains thymine base, RNA contains uracil base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

enzyme that breaks the weak bonds holding the 2 strands of DNA molecules together during replication

A

helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of bond forms between the deoxiribose sugar and the nitrogenous base

A

glycosyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enzyme that relaxes DNA molecule exposing the origin of the replication sites for DNA replication

A

DNA gyrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many primers are required on the leading strand during DNA replication?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what enzyme is responsible for adding the RNA primers during DNA replication

A

RNA primase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what enzyme seals the gap along the newly replicated strands during DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

replication of DNA results in…

A

2 new strands, each identical in nucleotide sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

during protein syntesis this enzyme is responsible for all the nuclear activites

A

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

this type of DNA is an engineered combination of DNA from 2 diff sources

A

recombient DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

to produce DNA fragments, DNA must be cut into smaller pieces by

A

restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

whats the difference between nonsense and a missense mutation

A

missense change one codon leading to a diff amino acid. Nonsense get rid of or add a codon leading to a “stop” codon or adding another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is 1 advantage CRISPR technologies have over older restriction enzyme techniques

A

the cuts with CRISPR technologies are more precise than the cuts with older restriction enzyme techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

carries protein info from the DNA in cells nucleus to the cells cytoplasm

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein production

A

tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

responsible for reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together

A

rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

another term used to describe cell body

A

soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the types of photoreceptors found in the human eye

A

rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

lobe of brain responsible for processing visual info

A

occiptal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what type of neurons are found in the central nervous system

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

part of brain that controls autonomic functioning such as heart rate

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the 3 parts that make up the brainstem

A

pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what part of brain is responsible for long term memory formation

A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons

A

sensory, inter-neurons, and moter neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

These neurons are attached to stimulus receptors and carry messages to the processing centers of the nervous system.

A

Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

These neurons make up the processing centers of the nervous system.

A

Inter-Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

These neurons carry a response message back to either a muscle or a gland.

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

2 mutagens

A

radiation and chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

2 qualites scientists attempted to engineer into agricultural plants

A

health benifits and aesthic appeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what was the goal of the human genome project

A

to identify the sequence of base pairs that make up human DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

made up of all nerves (neurons) lying outside of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). It functions to maintain homeostasis in the body and is divided into two units: Somatic and Autonomic

A

peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

A

central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

controls voluntary (conscious) responses by activating skeletal muscles. It is comprised of two units: sensory and motor neurons

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

This system prepares the body for stressful situations as it sets off the “fight or flight” reaction.

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

controls the smooth muscle of the internal organs and glands – the parts of the body outside of conscious control. This division of the nervous system consists of motor neurons only and is made up of two units: sympathetic and parasympathetic system

A

autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This system allows the body to restore itself back to its normal resting state after coping with stress.

A

Parasympathetic System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The largest and most highly developed part of the brain.
It is divided into two large hemispheres (left and right).

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

controls movement of voluntary muscles which includes walking and speech. It is also linked to intellectual activities and learning.

A

frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

associated with hearing, although it also has links with vision, memory and sensory information interpretation.

A

The temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

associated with touch and temperature awareness, but it is also linked with emotions and interpreting speech.

A

parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

responsible for coordinating messages from the cerebrum. controls the subconscious, skeletal muscle contractions required for movement, balance, posture and muscle coordination.

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

responsible for coordinating and interpreting sensory information associated with touch, pain, heat and cold.

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

associated with the control of hunger, body temperature, aggression and other aspects related to metabolism. It can be described as the main control center for the body’s internal organs.

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

means “bridge”. It is appropriately named as it serves as a relay station for information passing between the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the medulla.

A

pons

52
Q

what does the limbic system include

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus and the amyglada.

53
Q

controls emotions such as aggression, fear and jealousy.

A

amyglada

54
Q

specialized cells that wrap tightly around axons to form the myelin sheath. The job of these cells is to speed up the electrical signal (action potential) that travels down an axon.

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

special immune cells found only in the brain that can detect damaged or unhealthy neurons. They eat foreign invaders (bacteria and viruses), then display the chewed up parts on their cell surface to signal for help.

A

Microglia

56
Q

lining along the brain ventricles and central canal. provides a leaky barrier between inner and outer regions of the brain, also responsible for secreting cerebral spinal fluid. Cilia extending from the ependymal cells help move the cerebral spinal fluid through the brain cavities.

A

Ependymal cells

57
Q

star-shaped glia that hold neurons in place, get nutrients to them, and digest parts of dead neurons. But cannot generate action potentials

A

Astrocytes

58
Q

release their contents through ducts, either within a cavity or onto an outside surface.

A

Exocrine glands

59
Q

release their products into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine glands

60
Q

made up of amino acids, function by attaching to cell membranes of their target cells.
This causes the target cell to release a second messenger that travels through the cell’s cytoplasm where eventually it binds with a specific receptor site

A

Protein Hormones

61
Q

made up of lipids / cholesterol, are able to penetrate the cell membranes of their target cells.
They attach directly to specific receptor sites inside the target cell.

A

steriod hormones

62
Q

what gland produces these hormones: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)

A

anterior pituitary

63
Q

what gland produces these hormones: Oxytocin,
Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

posterior pituitary

64
Q

ovaries and testes.

A

gonads

65
Q

affects the gonads, Within the ovaries, it allows the ovarian follicles to mature. The ovarian follicles secrete estrogen. Within the testes, it allows the seminiferous tubules to mature. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules.

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

66
Q

affects the gonads, causes ovulation to occur and progesterone to be released. directs the testes to produce testosterone.

A

*Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

67
Q

whats *Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) also known as

A

thyrotropin

68
Q

targets the mammary glands and stimulates the production of breast milk.

A

*Prolactin (PRL)

69
Q

targets the adrenal cortex (the outer covering of the adrenal glands.

A

*Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

70
Q

directs the uterus to start contracting in preparation for child birth. It also stimulates the mammary glands to release milk.

A

*Oxytocin

71
Q

also known as vasopressin. It targets the kidneys and allows the body to retain water.

A

*Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

72
Q

Two important hormones released by the thyroid gland

A

thyroxine and calcitonin.

73
Q

affects the metabolic processes of the body. It stimulates growth and development of general body cells.

A

Thyroxine

74
Q

targets bone cells by preventing calcium loss and therefore lowering blood calcium levels.

A

Calcitonin

75
Q

targets bone cells. It stimulates the release of calcium from the body’s bones which results in higher levels of calcium in the blood. It also enhances absorption of calcium in the kidneys and digestive tract

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH).

76
Q

releases the hormone melatonin which controls the body’s sleep/wake cycles. Melatonin also appears to have an effect on sexual maturity (puberty).

A

pineal gland

77
Q

increases the heart rate, raises blood pressure, dilates the bronchioles, and decreases metabolism. This is known as your fight or flight response.

A

adrenaline/epinephrine

78
Q

involved in the fight or flight response. In particular, it causes a release of glucose from energy stores and increases the oxygen supply to the brain.

A

norepinephrine.

79
Q

releases two hormones: insulin and glucagon.

A

pancreas

80
Q

allows the body’s cells to absorb glucose from the blood.

A

Insulin

81
Q

causes the liver to convert glycogen into glucose which is then released into the blood.

A

Glucagon

82
Q

releases the hormone, thymosin, which travels through the blood stream and stimulates the development of T cells.

A

thymus

83
Q

produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

A

ovaries

84
Q

activates the development of female sex characteristics. It also causes the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to thicken in preparation for a possible pregnancy.

A

Estrogen

85
Q

helps to maintain the lining of the uterus if pregnancy occurs. It also inhibits further ovulation.

A

Progesterone

86
Q

an example of negative feedback and positive feedback

A

positive: child birth
negative: blood sugar regulation

87
Q

a thick muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy to accommodate the fetus.

A

uterus (or Womb)

88
Q

outer layer of uterus

A

myometrium.

89
Q

the neck of the uterus. it opens into the vagina. helps to hold the developing fetus in place. dilates during the birthing process.

A

Cervix

90
Q

thin-walled chamber that forms the birth canal and allows sperm to be deposited for fertilization.

A

vagina

91
Q

fold of the body wall which holds the testes outside of the abdominal cavity.

A

scrotum

92
Q

where do testes develop

A

Testes develop in the abdomen, but descend into the scrotum just before birth.

93
Q

where sperm are formed.

A

seminiferous tubules

94
Q

They consist of highly coiled tubules surrounded by layers of connective tissue. These tubules are the seminiferous tubules

A

testes

95
Q

what happens if ejaculation occurs

A

sperm are forced from the epididymis, through the vas deferens.

96
Q

a set of muscular ducts running from the epididymis, out of the scrotum, around and behind the urinary bladder, eventually connecting with the ejaculatory duct.

A

vas deferens

97
Q

the tube that drains both the excretory and reproductive systems thereby allowing the sperm to be released from the penis.

A

urethra

98
Q

what are the 3 accessory glands associated with male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland , Cowper’s glands (also known as the bulbourethral glands)

99
Q

They secrete a fluid which contains fructose for energy for the sperm and prostaglandins which help the sperm move.

A

seminal vesicles

100
Q

the largest of the semen-secreting glands. It surrounds the upper portion of the urethra and empties directly into it. It secretes an alkaline buffer which protects the sperm from the acidic environment of the vagina.

A

prostate gland

101
Q

empty into the urethra at the base of the penis. It secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation to help neutralize any acidic urine remaining in the urethra.

A

Cowper’s glands (also known as the bulbourethral glands)

102
Q

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).

A

Zygote

103
Q

microscopic ball or cluster of cells formed through cell division very early in the embryonic development that occurs after fertilization but before the blastocyst stage.

A

Morula

104
Q

hollow sphere of cells, or blastomeres, produced during the development of an embryo by repeated cleavage of a fertilized egg.

A

Blastula

105
Q

cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg. It’s the early stage of an embryo.

A

Blastocyst

106
Q

the early developmental stage of an animal while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother.

A

Embryo

107
Q

an unborn offspring that develops and grows inside the uterus (womb) of humans and other mammals.

A

Fetus

108
Q

birth process in order:

A

dilation, expulsion, afterbirth

109
Q

Cellular Growth
Cellular processes and metabolic activities
New organelles formed
DNA replication
Preparation for mitosis
Replication of centrioles

A

interphase

110
Q

period of cell growth before DNA is replicated

A

G1(Growth1

111
Q

period when the DNA is duplicated (i.e when chromosomes duplicate)

A

S(Synthesis)

112
Q

period after DNA has replicated, cell prepares for division (proteins needed for formation of spindle fibers are produced)

A

G2(Growth 2)

113
Q

Cellular division which occurs in somatic cells.
Results in two daughter cells each identical to the parent cell.
Allows a single cell to grow to a multicellular organism.
Continues to allow growth, repair of damaged or dying cells, and to ensure proper functioning of cells.

A

Mitosis

114
Q

A cleavage furrow begins as the cytoplasm and cell membrane stretch.
This furrow or indentation will continue until the cells have completely split.

A

Cytokinesis

115
Q

Nuclear membrane starts to dissolve
Chromosomes shorten and thicken
Spindle fibers begin to form
Centrioles begin to migrate to opposite poles

A

Early Prophase

116
Q

Nuclear membrane completely dissolved
Centrioles have reached the poles
Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers

A

Late Prophase/Prometaphase

117
Q

Chromosomes made up of sister chromatids move toward the center of the cell.

A

Metaphase

118
Q

Centromeres split and the sister chromatids move to the opposite poles.
Each chromosome is guided along the spindle fiber by the centromere.
The cell begins to elongate.

A

Anaphase

119
Q

Chromosomes reach the opposite poles.
Cytoplasm continues to lengthen.
Nuclear membrane begins to reform.
Chromosomes will lengthen and become a tangled mass of chromatin.

A

Telophase

120
Q

Animal vs Plant Mitosis

A

Animal:
Centrioles/Asters
Cytokinesis due to cleavage furrow formation.
Plant:
No Centrioles or Asters
Cytokinesis due to cell plate formation.

121
Q

Sex Cell Division

A

Meiosis

122
Q

● XXY (Trisomy)
● Male
● Increased female sex hormones secreted at puberty
● Less testosterone, less body hair
● Increased risk of breast cancer
● 1 in 1000 births

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome:

123
Q

● One x chromosome (Monosomy)
● Shorter stature
● Loss of ovarian function
● Hormonal therapy an option
● 1 in 2500 newborn girl births

A

Turner’s Syndrome:

124
Q

● Extra 21st chromosome (trisomy)
● Physical growth delays
● Characteristic facial features
● 1 in 1000 births (average)
● 1 in 40 births (if mother is in her 40s)

A

Down’s Syndrome:

Biology 12 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions