Exam Flashcards by Angel Amor

branch of Mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

Statistics

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provides techniques to analyze whether or not the given data is significant.

Statistics

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science that studies data and used data to find an answer or solution to a problem

Statistics

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statistics is derived from the latin word ___ which means ____

Latin: status
Meaning: state or government

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The government conducted census for?

Military or taxation purposes

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Father of Statistics

Ronald aylmer fisher

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British Statistician and Geneticist

Ronald Alymer Fisher

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“The greatest of Darwin’s successor”

Ronald alymer fisher

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He created the foundations of modern statistical science.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Roland alymer fisher

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To answer statistical questions in a way that maximizes information content and minimizes bias.

Planning and collection of data

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Verifying the quality of data after they were collected.

Analysis of data

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Summarizing the information extracted from the data.

Interpretation of data

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Examining the summary statistics so that meaningful information can be produced to support decision-making.

Presentation of data

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branch of mathematics that studies patterns of chances.

Probability

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about planning experiments and comparing the number of possible outcomes to the number of outcomes you want.

Probability

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way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur on chance.

Probability

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Probability is derived from the latin word ___ meaning ____

Probabilis = provable or credible

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originated in the study of gambling and insurance in the 17th century

Probability

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Father of Probability

Girolamo cardano

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Italian statician

Girolamo cardano

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wrote a book entitled “Liber de Ludo Aleae”.

Girolamo cardano

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French Mathematician and
Lawyer

Pierre de fermat

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inspired by Game of chance

Pierre de fermat

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Give his answers in terms of the chances

Pierre de fermat

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A french mathematician. Gave his answer in terms of quantity or "expectations"

Blaise pascal

His work became the standard in solving problems of chance in the 17th century

Blaise pascal

WHY DO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY STUDY TOGETHER?

1. Statistical application are based on probability statements 2. Statistics report the probability that similar results would occur if you repeated the experiment. 3. Nothing is "proved" with statistics unless it is done through probability.

What are the statistical processes

Planning & collection of data Analysis of data Interpretation of data Presentation of data

An activity which can be done repeatedly

Experiment

Set of all possible outcomes

Sample space

Subset of sample space

Event

Elements in a sample space

Sample point

Ratio of number of favorable outcomes to number of possible outcomes

Probability

Data values are in numbers and describes quantity

Numerical variable

Data values are usually in words and describes qualities

Categorical variable

Types of data in qualitative/categorical

Nominal and ordinal

Types if data in quantitative/ numerical

Discrete and continuous

2 classifications of random variables

Discrete random variables & continuous random variables

Variable obtained by counting; countable number of values

Discrete random variables

Variable whose value is obtained by measuring; infinite number

Continuous random variables

Variable whose value is determined by the outcome of a random experiment

Random or chance variable

Listin all possible values and corresponding probabilities

Probability distribution

Bar graph that display the possible values of discrete random variable on the horizontal axis

Probability histogram

Tells about eandom variable we expect to get if experiment is done repeatedly

Mean

Tells how far or close data are from each other

Variance

Indicates how far, on average, is an observed value of random variable from its mean

Standard deviation

Probability is 0 to 1

True

If event cannot happen, it is 0

True

Developed by kart friedrich gauss

Normal distribution/ standard normal distribution

Graph of normal distribution

Normal curve

What is the area under the curve

What is the shape of the curve

Bell-shaped curve

Mean, median, and mode is always equal

Truee

Curve does not touch the x-axis on bothies

Asymptotic

Normal curve is described by 2 population

μ- mean σ - standard deviation

Z score is a standard deviation

True

Population data formula

Z= X - μ / σ

Sample data formula

Z= X - x̄ / s x= specific measurement x̄= mean

How many lines of symmetry are there under the curve

How many standard deviation units can be found at the horizontal base of normal curve

A standard deviation value

Z score

What is the practical use for z score

Making comparison statements

How may the z score be calculated

Dividing difference of specific measurement and mean to standard deviation

What does the curve of distribution represent

Represents data in a score distribution

Mean of standard probability distribution splits distribution into 2 halves

True

Areas at tails of normal curve are large values

True

Area under curve may he stated as proportion or probability or percentage

True

Process of selecting a subset of the population

Sampling

Data values gathered from population

Parameter

Data values gathered from sample

Statistic

Most fommon data gathering method

Survey

Units in population has a chance to be taken as sample

Probability sampling

Given equal chances to be selected

Simple random sampling

Used when population is heterogeneous and quite large

Stratified random sampling

Sampling is being done by selecting every kth term in the complete list

Systematic random sampling

Population is divided into cluster along geographic boundaries

Cluster random sampling

Not all units in the population will be given chances

Non-probability sampling

Selecting sample from population that are easy to reach

Convenience sampling

Based on the purpose or objective of the study

Purposive sampling

Utilized when researcher is interested typically of units of population

Modal instance sampling

Based on researchers judgment

Quota sampling

Sample shoild be drawn from experts in the chosen topic

Expert sampling

Known as sampling for diversity or maximum variation

Heterogeneity sampling

Selected by recruiting acquaintances eho mert the criteria

Snowball sampling