Exam Flashcards
branch of Mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
Statistics
provides techniques to analyze whether or not the given data is significant.
Statistics
science that studies data and used data to find an answer or solution to a problem
Statistics
statistics is derived from the latin word ___ which means ____
Latin: status
Meaning: state or government
The government conducted census for?
Military or taxation purposes
Father of Statistics
Ronald aylmer fisher
British Statistician and Geneticist
Ronald Alymer Fisher
“The greatest of Darwin’s successor”
Ronald alymer fisher
He created the foundations of modern statistical science.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Roland alymer fisher
To answer statistical questions in a way that maximizes information content and minimizes bias.
Planning and collection of data
Verifying the quality of data after they were collected.
Analysis of data
Summarizing the information extracted from the data.
Interpretation of data
Examining the summary statistics so that meaningful information can be produced to support decision-making.
Presentation of data
branch of mathematics that studies patterns of chances.
Probability
about planning experiments and comparing the number of possible outcomes to the number of outcomes you want.
Probability
way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur on chance.
Probability
Probability is derived from the latin word ___ meaning ____
Probabilis = provable or credible
originated in the study of gambling and insurance in the 17th century
Probability
Father of Probability
Girolamo cardano
Italian statician
Girolamo cardano
wrote a book entitled “Liber de Ludo Aleae”.
Girolamo cardano
French Mathematician and
Lawyer
Pierre de fermat
inspired by Game of chance
Pierre de fermat
Give his answers in terms of the chances
Pierre de fermat
A french mathematician.
Gave his answer in terms of quantity or “expectations”
Blaise pascal
His work became the standard in solving problems of chance in the 17th century
Blaise pascal
WHY DO STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
STUDY TOGETHER?
- Statistical application are based on probability statements
- Statistics report the probability that similar results would occur if you repeated the experiment.
- Nothing is “proved” with statistics unless it is done through probability.
What are the statistical processes
Planning & collection of data
Analysis of data
Interpretation of data
Presentation of data
An activity which can be done repeatedly
Experiment
Set of all possible outcomes
Sample space
Subset of sample space
Event
Elements in a sample space
Sample point
Ratio of number of favorable outcomes to number of possible outcomes
Probability
Data values are in numbers and describes quantity
Numerical variable
Data values are usually in words and describes qualities
Categorical variable
Types of data in qualitative/categorical
Nominal and ordinal
Types if data in quantitative/ numerical
Discrete and continuous
2 classifications of random variables
Discrete random variables & continuous random variables
Variable obtained by counting; countable number of values
Discrete random variables
Variable whose value is obtained by measuring; infinite number
Continuous random variables
Variable whose value is determined by the outcome of a random experiment
Random or chance variable
Listin all possible values and corresponding probabilities
Probability distribution
Bar graph that display the possible values of discrete random variable on the horizontal axis
Probability histogram
Tells about eandom variable we expect to get if experiment is done repeatedly
Mean
Tells how far or close data are from each other
Variance
Indicates how far, on average, is an observed value of random variable from its mean
Standard deviation
Probability is 0 to 1
True
If event cannot happen, it is 0
True
Developed by kart friedrich gauss
Normal distribution/ standard normal distribution
Graph of normal distribution
Normal curve
What is the area under the curve
1
What is the shape of the curve
Bell-shaped curve
Mean, median, and mode is always equal
Truee
Curve does not touch the x-axis on bothies
Asymptotic
Normal curve is described by 2 population
μ- mean
σ - standard deviation
Z score is a standard deviation
True
Population data formula
Z= X - μ / σ
Sample data formula
Z= X - x̄ / s
x= specific measurement
x̄= mean
How many lines of symmetry are there under the curve
3
How many standard deviation units can be found at the horizontal base of normal curve
6
A standard deviation value
Z score
What is the practical use for z score
Making comparison statements
How may the z score be calculated
Dividing difference of specific measurement and mean to standard deviation
What does the curve of distribution represent
Represents data in a score distribution
Mean of standard probability distribution splits distribution into 2 halves
True
Areas at tails of normal curve are large values
True
Area under curve may he stated as proportion or probability or percentage
True
Process of selecting a subset of the population
Sampling
Data values gathered from population
Parameter
Data values gathered from sample
Statistic
Most fommon data gathering method
Survey
Units in population has a chance to be taken as sample
Probability sampling
Given equal chances to be selected
Simple random sampling
Used when population is heterogeneous and quite large
Stratified random sampling
Sampling is being done by selecting every kth term in the complete list
Systematic random sampling
Population is divided into cluster along geographic boundaries
Cluster random sampling
Not all units in the population will be given chances
Non-probability sampling
Selecting sample from population that are easy to reach
Convenience sampling
Based on the purpose or objective of the study
Purposive sampling
Utilized when researcher is interested typically of units of population
Modal instance sampling
Based on researchers judgment
Quota sampling
Sample shoild be drawn from experts in the chosen topic
Expert sampling
Known as sampling for diversity or maximum variation
Heterogeneity sampling
Selected by recruiting acquaintances eho mert the criteria
Snowball sampling