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Biol 200 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic animal tissue types + important feature

A
  • Epitheleal: cover body surface and line organs
  • muscular: locomotion
  • connective: support
  • nervous: electrical impulses
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2
Q

Types of anatomical symmetry

A
  • Radial (biradial, pentaradial)
  • Bilateral
  • assymetrical
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3
Q

Developmental diff between protosomes and deuterostomes

A

Protostome (first mouth)
- schizocoelous coelom
- trochophore larva
- blastopore forms mouth
- anus developed last

Deuterostomes (second mouth)
- enterocoelous coelom
- blastopore forms anus
- mouth developed last

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4
Q

schizocoelous development

A
  • mesoderm forms at base of pore
  • mesoderm splits, forms cavities
  • blastopore forms mouth
  • anus forms at other end
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5
Q

enterocoelous development

A
  • mesoderm forms at top of pore
  • archenteron outpockets
  • coeloms formed
  • anus forms from pore
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6
Q

types of tissue layers

A
  • unicellular
  • diploblastic
  • triploblastic
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7
Q

layers of diploblastic

A
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
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8
Q

layers of triploblastic

A
  • extoderm
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
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9
Q

patterns of coeloms

A
  • acoelomate (none)
  • pserudocoelomate (ring)
  • coelomate (2 halves)
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10
Q

4 super groups of animal like protsists

A
  • Excavata (excavated feeding groove, anaerobic)
  • amoebozoa (have arms for moving, phagocytosis for feeding)
  • rhizaria (characteristic of amoeba)
  • alveolata (variable)
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11
Q

metazoans are ___ flagellated cells

A

mono

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12
Q

evolutionary implications of multicellularity

A

bigger = predation risk, mobility, reproduction

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13
Q

proferians

A

Pore bearer — corals
- no tissues or organs
- asexual and sexual
- male and female function

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14
Q

Cnidaria (stinging)

A
  • diploblastic
  • gaterovascular cavity
  • nerve net
  • cnidocytes (stinging cells)
  • Alternation of gens
  • hydrostatic skeleton
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15
Q

alternation of gens - cnidaria

A
  1. polyp
  2. budding
  3. medusa
  4. egg
  5. fertilized
  6. zygote
  7. blastula
  8. planula
  9. polyp
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16
Q

ctenophora (comb bearer)

A
  • diploblastic
  • complete digestive system
  • nerve net
  • monoecious
  • external fertilization
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17
Q

why might choanoflaggelates be sister group of metazoans

A
  • collar cells in metazoans, choanocutes in sponges
  • choanoflaggelates - homologous cell signalling (not in other euks)
  • DNA supports clade
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18
Q

Identify features that unite Lophotrochozoans.

A

Trochophore larva or lophophore larva

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19
Q

Describe how the nervous and excretory systems are more complex in turbellarians compared to those of cnidarians?

A

Protonephridia (kidney)
- flame cell at end of each tubule
- beats + pushes water through
- nurtients absorbed, waste exreted

Nervous system
- cerebral ganglia
- sensory and motor nerves

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20
Q

Understand general anatomical features of turbellarians (flat worms - free living)

A
  • no body cavity
  • cephalization
  • no circulatory system
  • asexual and sexual
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21
Q

Describe the general life history of digenean trematodes.

A
  • adult in sheep or human
  • coppulate
  • eggs released into digestive tract
  • excreted in feces
  • intermediate in water
  • eaten by snail
  • becomes sporocyte
  • asexually reproduces — makes many new sporocytes
  • some leave and find new snail to repeat
  • some produce rhei
  • produce embryonic cells
  • turn into cecaria (second larval form)
  • released in water
  • find plant
  • becomes metacercaria
  • eaten by human or sheep
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22
Q

Understand general anatomical features of tapeworms.

A
  • scolex = “mouth”. attach
  • strobillus = repeating proglottids
  • each has reproductive system
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23
Q

life cycle of cattle worm

A
  • in human
  • coppulate in mature proglottid
  • structure breaks down
  • gravid proglottid now has sacs of eggs
  • excreted into host — feces
  • eaten by cattle
  • eggs imbed into tissue and form cyst as they hatch
  • humans eat uncooked meat with eggs
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24
Q

Describe the general molluscan body form.

A
  • triploblastic
  • coelomate
  • head-foot and viseral mass
  • mantle and mantle cavity
  • radula
  • trochophore larvae
  • open circulatory
  • shell
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25
Q

why do gastropods do torsion

A
  • rotate 180 degrees
  • put mantle cavity over head
  • protection
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26
Q

how are organs affected by shell coiling in snails

A
  • pairs —> single
  • highly vascularized mantle
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27
Q

functino of mantle in gastropods

A

gas exchange
waste removal

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28
Q

function of mantle in bivalves (muscles, clams)

A

Make shell
pump water for feeding
continuous contact with water

29
Q

functino of mantle in cephlapods (squids etc)

(cephla - head, pod - food)

A

propulsion

30
Q

Describe how the anatomical characteristics unique to molluscs have
been modified in cephalopods

A

Molluscs : head foot

Cephlapods: arms/tentacles, siphon

31
Q

Indicate the features of cephalopods that make them effective
predators.

A
  • large brain
  • well developed eyes
  • jet propulsion
32
Q

Describe some attributes of cephalopods that are indicative of a very
complex nervous system.

A
  • large brain
  • eye sight
  • learning and memory
  • observational learning
33
Q

Differentiate between the phenomena of metamerism and
tagmatization.

A

Metamerism
- segments of body

Tagmatization
- specialization of the body regions

34
Q

• Compare general anatomy of the Errantia and Sedentaria clades.

A

Errantia (erran, free moving — worms, scary looking , like millapeded)
- parapodia with prominent lobes
- well developed pals

Senendatria (seddentary, unmoving)
- parapodia with reduced lobes
- stiff body wall
- reduced palps

35
Q

Compare reproductive characteristics of Errantia and Sedentaria.

A

Errantia (free moving, aquatic worms)
- mostly dioecious
- gametes released as trochophore larva

Sedentaria
- monoecious
- eggs laid in cocoon

36
Q

Describe structure and function of metanephridia.

A
  • fluids move through open cilliated funnel
  • nutrients absorbed
  • waste ecreted
37
Q

dentify features common to Ecdysozoans.

A

(ecto - to shed, molt)
- cuticle
- priodically molt

38
Q

Describe the structure of the cuticle in
nematodes and why it is important.

A
  • collagenous
  • maintain internal hydrostatic pressure
  • protection
39
Q

Describe the filarial worm life cycle.

A

MOSQUITO WORMS

  • coppulate and release eggs in lymphatic vesicles in host
  • into blood strem
  • mosquito feeds, eats eggs
  • eggs molt twice
  • mosquito eats again
  • injects larvae into new host
  • molt twice
  • enter lymphatic vesicles
40
Q

Outline four key features that led to evolutionary success of arthropods.

A

Exoskeleton
Metamerism/tagmentization
Hemocoel
Metamorphisis

41
Q

Compare embryonic development of
hemocoel v.s. coelom.

A

Hemocoel
- mesoderm forms on pore
- coelum forms
- mesoderm grows around it and other structures
- coelum does not grow
- cavity = hemocoel

Coelom
- expands with mesoderm

42
Q

major arthropod lineages

A

Triplomorpha (extinct, triplo - 2, morpha - body, 3 body segments)
- head, thorax, pygidium

Chelicerata (chele = claw/pinchers)
- first land animals
- 2 tagmata

Myriopoda (10 000 feet, millipedes, centipeded)
- 2 tagmata (head, trunk)
- one or two pairs of appendages per body segment

Crustaceans
- paraphyletic
- biramous appendages (2 branches, like claws)

hexapoda (6 feet) — flies
- 3 tagmata
- 5 pairs appendages, includes wings

43
Q

malacostraca — crustaceans

A

malakos = soft, soft shell

shrimp, lobster, crab

44
Q

copepoda — crustaceans

A

cope = oar, podos = foot

45
Q

branchiopoda — crustaceans

A

gill foot

leafy appendages

brine shrimp. fairy shrimp, water fleas

46
Q

respiratory insects

A

branching trachea and tracheoles
gas exchange

one spiracle per segment (leads to outside)

47
Q

excretory insects

A
  • tubules from gut to hemocoel
  • ions actively transported
  • water passively flows
  • uric acid secreted
  • reabsorbtion
  • excretion
48
Q

What features differentiate echinoderms from animals previously
discussed?

A

Echinoderms (echino - spiny, derm - skin)
- star fish, urchins etc

  • deuterostomes (second mouth)
  • radial symmetry
  • water vascualr system
  • nervous system
49
Q

What anatomical features are unique to echinoderms?

A
  • water vascular system for movement
  • central ring
  • tube feet with bulbs at top
  • suction cup at bottom
50
Q

Describe the water vascular system and its functions.

A
  • tube feet = water filled canals
  • ring canal surrounds mouth

locomotion
feeding
gas echange
sensory

51
Q

Describe skeletal elements present in echinoderms.

A
  • ossicles extending from mesoderm
  • covered by epidermal layer
  • if skin broken, ossicles becomes spine
52
Q

Describe the general body structure of hemichordates.

A

Hemichordates (hemi = half, half chordate)
- chordata (chord — have notochord)
- have stomochord
- weird worm things

  • deuterostome
  • 3 tagmata
    Proboscis (sucking organ)
    Collar (around mouth)
    Trunk (main body)
  • tripartite coelom
  • open circulatory
  • cilliated pharyngeal slits
  • dorsal nerve chord (stomachord)
53
Q

What anatomical feature is shared by echinoderms and
hemichordates?

A

3 part coelom

54
Q

How does the nervous system of hemichordates differ from the
nervous system of annelids and arthropods?

A

Hemichordates
- nerve chord
- no major ganglia

Annelids — ring like, WORMS
- nerve chord
- ganglia

Arthopods - jointed leg, spiders, insects, crustaceans etc.
- ganglia
- dorsal brain

55
Q

Name four anatomical features that are unique to chordates.

A
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • dorsal tubular nervous system
  • paired trunk muscles
  • thyroid gland
56
Q

Why is the evolution of jaws and paired fins considered to be a major
evolutionary development?

A

diversification of chordates

57
Q

Describe counter-current exchange and understand why it is
important.

A
  • Water flows over gills
  • Blood flows in opposite direction
  • constant oxygen exchange

Water has 2.5% the oxygen the air has — need more “breathing”

58
Q

Describe features of fishes that are adaptive to aquatic environments

A
  • swim bladder
  • fins
  • bony scales - protection, camouflage, regulation
  • lateral line system - sensory
59
Q

Contrast challenges associated with living in aquatic versus
terrestrial habitats.

A

Aquatic
- supported by dense water
- low oxygen

Terrestrial
- use energy to counter gravity
- high oxygen

60
Q

Identify anatomical and physiological features that differ in
aquatic and terrestrial animals.

A
  • lighter skull
  • neck mobility
  • stronger skeleton
  • improved muscles / reorganized limbs
  • better respiration
61
Q

Contrast circulatory systems of bony fishes versus amphibians.

A

Bony fish
- 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
- gills for gas exchange

Amphibeans
- 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
- lungs for gas exchange
- partially splot atria (seperate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood)
- circulate to skin

62
Q

Identify adaptations that allowed reptiles to further abandon aquatic
environments in favour of terrestrial environments.

A
  • amniotic egg
  • water resistant skin
  • claws
  • neck mobility
  • repiratory
  • kiney
  • limb articulation
63
Q

Describe the amniotic egg and explain its significance.

A

Egg of reptiles, birds, mammals

  • has additional embryonic membrane
  • allows for eggs to be hatched on land
64
Q

ndicate why the traditional taxonomic arrangement of vertebrate classes
(i.e. reptiles, birds, and mammals) is problematic.

A
  • morphological variability
  • evolutionary relationships
  • inclusion of amphibians
65
Q

Identify the distinguishing features of birds.

A
  • only current amniote with feathers
  • skeletal for flight
  • bill (no teeth)
  • hard shelled eggs
66
Q

Identify the distinguishing features of birds.

A
  • single occiptal condyle
  • single middle ear ossicle
  • air spaces in bone
  • nucleated red blood cells
  • feathers
  • nesting
67
Q

Describe anatomical features of birds that are associated with flight.

A
  • hollow bones
  • flight muscles
  • feathers
  • wings
68
Q

Describe anatomy of mammalian skin and associated structures.

A

Epidermis
- open of pore

Dermis
- glands
- vascular
- hair
- nerves

Fat
- vascular
- hair base

69
Q

mamalian vs reptilian skeleton

A

Mammalian
- 5 vertebral regions
- have cervical region
- single bone in lower jaw
- appendages below body
- multiple ossicles

Reptilian
- lack cervical region
- multiple lower jaw bones
- appendages outward from body
- one ossicle

Biol 200 (2 decks)

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