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1
Q

Habituation

A

Normalise to anxiety

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2
Q

Exposure response prevention therapy

A

OCD maintained through avoidance learning exposure hierarchy by doing what will make you feel even worse while vocalizing and embracing thoughts

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3
Q

Key question

A

Are mental health drugs being over prescribed in the UK

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4
Q

Agree with key question

A

-dt beneficial as less time ndcost consuming
-those who have biological cause
-pots team shows better than placebo

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5
Q

Disagree of key question

A

-drugs have side effects
-drugs only work if taken
-disorder may be due to social factors
-pots show therapy better than DT

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6
Q

Rosenhan aim

A

Test reliability of mental health diagnosis to see if could be told between sane insane

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7
Q

Sample rosenhan

A

8 patients in 12 hospitals in the us in 5 states by just faking one symptom

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8
Q

Procedure of rosenhan

A

Clinical interviews and reportedearig voices and wen admitted behaved normally and request to be discharged
Took notepad and pen to record what they heard and saw in covert
Dispose meds given and friendly and polite

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9
Q

Rosenhan 2

A

Agree to second study but aware seeking for 3 months an given liver type scale to assess patient on10 point for whether ill or pseudo patient

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10
Q

Results of rosenhan

A

All took with 11 sz and 1 manic depressed
Average of 19 days before released
Staff abuseto patients and other disposal of meds 15 a day
Depersonalization

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11
Q

Results of rosenhan 2

A

Sent no pseudo in so all patients real
Out 139/ 41 rated as pseudo

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12
Q

Conclusion of rosenhan

A

Diagnosis tools like dsm and icd unreliable

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13
Q

Posiives of rosenhan

A

ecological validity but field experiment
-application
Generalizability as different types of hospitals used

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14
Q

Negatives of rosenhan

A

unrepresentative
-unethical
Reliability

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15
Q

Cross cultural

A

the systematic comparisons of different cultures that aim t understand to understand variations of human behavior as it is influenced by cultural context
-outsider

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16
Q

Examin of cross culture

A

gottesman40 European countries
-issues of representation
-validity
-littlewood and lipsedge - country affects
-defining abnormality

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17
Q

Family intervention therapy

A

improvin communication, solving family issues wiht practical and emotional support and aims to treat distressin 4 Ds

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18
Q

Predictive validity

A

Try to predict future behaviors of people with mhds but it isnt Sam was physical and should help recover or if symptoms will continue

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19
Q

Construct validity

A

Mental health disorders can overlap it isn’t a fixed construct as mental health diagnosis not just one symptom

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20
Q

Aetiological validity

A

For each mhd has the same cause of diagnosis so occurs in same way

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21
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder is where you have reoccurring thoughts and behaviors that cannot be controlled

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22
Q

Obsessions

A

Unwanted ideas, thoughts and images

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23
Q

Compulsions

A

Recurring behaviors r actions

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24
Q

Dsm - 5 of ocd

A

thoughts and actions must occur for 1 hour and 2 weeks
- attempt to neutralize thought with action
- -disturbance not explained better by another disorder

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25
Q

Common ocd

A

cleansing ocd
-order ocd
-contamination ocd

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26
Q

Roominations

A

Bad thoughts on a cycle

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27
Q

Strengths family intervention therapy

A

relapse rates in nccmh found 26% unlike standard of 50%

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28
Q

Negatives family intervention

A

Time consuming and costly
-DT and FI have been shown more effective

29
Q

How does family intervention therapy work

A

Takes place in the home for. 3-12 on the period wiht sessions every 2-4 weeks following the NICE schedule

30
Q

Supporting evidence of FI therapy

A

Phtaraoh -reviews 53 studies to investigate effectiveness of FI and meds increased compliance and not allbenefitted wiht therapy of standard care

31
Q

Mowrer

A

Believed ocd can be explained by classical conditioning and reinforcement

32
Q

Classical conditioning of ocd explanation

A

Connection made between object (CS)and fear (CR)
The NS then becomes paired wiht the experience and anxiety is produced
The anxiety that is caused has been discovered to be avoided by avoiding the stimulus and developing strategies (compulsions)

33
Q

reinforcement in ocd

A

Behavior of avoidance is negatively reinforced in that it continues in order to reduce anxiety

34
Q

OCD contmaination example

A

UCS- being ill UCR- anxious
NS- food
CS-food CR- anxiety

35
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Anything could be contaminated- anxiety that is created can be associated y anything similar to the original cause

36
Q

Problems with Behavioural approach in ocd

A

Doesn’t explain lack of serotonin in biological
If just learnt then drugs wouldn’t have an effect
Very environmental
Founded on research on animals

37
Q

Tracy OCD

A

Student Ps given checklist of ocd symptoms and categorized wit either ocd or not
Those identified as ocd type more likely to be conditioned on eye blink task where earned to blink to sound of bell - much easier with ocd type to be conditioned

38
Q

Problems with biological ocd

A

cause and effect as only scan after ocd
-twins share environment
-twin study registry has publication bias and only published if results found

39
Q

Family and two studies in ocd

A

Genetic factors as ocd levels in population is 1-2% and the likelihood increases the closer their genetic relationship wit someone already wiht ocd

40
Q

OCD abnormalities

A

polygenetic
-abnormality on HSert gene in recent studies

41
Q

Supporting evidence of FI therapy

A

Phtaraoh -reviews 53 studies to investigate effectiveness of FI and meds increased compliance and not allbenefitted wiht therapy of standard care

42
Q

Mowrer

A

Believed ocd can be explained by classical conditioning and reinforcement

43
Q

Classical conditioning of ocd explanation

A

Connection made between object (CS)and fear (CR)
The NS then becomes paired wiht the experience and anxiety is produced
The anxiety that is caused has been discovered to be avoided by avoiding the stimulus and developing strategies (compulsions)

44
Q

HSERT ROLE IN OCD

A

Codes proteins tat transport serotonin - abnormality makes transporter to acttooquickly and take serotonin before transmitted its message to next neuron
-not enough left at synapse

45
Q

Bio-chemical theory in ocd

A

Argues ocd sufferers have over activity in orbi frontal contex - responsible for decision making, converting sensory info and alerting worries in environment - likely inherited

46
Q

What is obrifrontla

A

Worry circuit - respond with alarm when not necessary

47
Q

Carey ad Gottesman results

A

Found identical twins had concordance of 87%of obsessive
DZ twins only 47%

48
Q

What does Carey and gottesman find

A

Genetic factors moderately important

49
Q

Grootheest

A

Review of twin studies on ocd -reported higher concordance for MZ then DZ

50
Q

Dsm

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mhd to provide criteria of diagnosing disorders -American

51
Q

Why was dsm developed

A

Developed for census of mhd using descriptions and classifications eg neuroses

52
Q

Issues witht dsm

A

Holistic- cant determine the whole picture

53
Q

Multi axial system

A

Consists of 5 axes where each diagnosis has 5levels and therefore relate to different aspects soundersands all

54
Q

Axis 1-

A

Considers development and learning of mhd

55
Q

Axis 2

A

Underlying personality conditions

56
Q

Axis 3

A

Medical and physical conditions

57
Q

Axi 4

A

Physiological and environmental factor of mhd

58
Q

Axi 5

A

Assessment of global functioning

59
Q

Subjectivity and objectivity fo diagnosis points

A

IQ high despite abnormality
-culture abnormality
-interpretation of statistics
-not abnormal if its 50%
-behavior changes over time

60
Q

IQ high despite abnormality

A

Some statistical deviations sociallly desired so shouldn’t over or under include

61
Q

Interpretation of statistics

A

2 standard deviation away from mean
-is 2.2 inclusive enough and what is behavior puts you in bottom or top

62
Q

It’s not abnormality if 50%

A

Can’t rely on some mhd as some stistically rare eg depression is frequent behavior

63
Q

Behavior changes

A

Eg homosexuality, moral sanity
- white men use diagnosis to control aswhen deviating form social norms you become vulnerable to manipulation so is used as a tool against less powerful

64
Q

Drapetomania

A

Slaves irrational desire to escape

65
Q

ICD 10

A

Used to monitor global mortality and morbidity statistics
-each disorder has a code starting with F and are listed with 11 sections in chapter 5

66
Q

Example of ICD10

A

Sz,sizatydand and delusional disorders are all grouped

67
Q

Positives of ICD 10

A

Each section has left over codes for later added disorders codes used for indexing medical records
International classification of disorders

68
Q

How is ICD 10 used

A

Selects key words from interview that relate to symptoms and look upon index

69
Q

Differences between dsm and icd

A

Dsm- greater need to satisfy avoidance or emotional numbing symptoms - most widely used research - holistics
Icd- more widely used clinically and certain events can classify -clinical -easier to do as quicker for locating

clinical psych (3 decks)

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