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1
Q

Habituation

A

Normalise to anxiety

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2
Q

Exposure response prevention therapy

A

OCD maintained through avoidance learning exposure hierarchy by doing what will make you feel even worse while vocalizing and embracing thoughts

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3
Q

Key question

A

Are mental health drugs being over prescribed in the UK

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4
Q

Agree with key question

A

-dt beneficial as less time ndcost consuming
-those who have biological cause
-pots team shows better than placebo

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5
Q

Disagree of key question

A

-drugs have side effects
-drugs only work if taken
-disorder may be due to social factors
-pots show therapy better than DT

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6
Q

Rosenhan aim

A

Test reliability of mental health diagnosis to see if could be told between sane insane

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7
Q

Sample rosenhan

A

8 patients in 12 hospitals in the us in 5 states by just faking one symptom

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8
Q

Procedure of rosenhan

A

Clinical interviews and reportedearig voices and wen admitted behaved normally and request to be discharged
Took notepad and pen to record what they heard and saw in covert
Dispose meds given and friendly and polite

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9
Q

Rosenhan 2

A

Agree to second study but aware seeking for 3 months an given liver type scale to assess patient on10 point for whether ill or pseudo patient

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10
Q

Results of rosenhan

A

All took with 11 sz and 1 manic depressed
Average of 19 days before released
Staff abuseto patients and other disposal of meds 15 a day
Depersonalization

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11
Q

Results of rosenhan 2

A

Sent no pseudo in so all patients real
Out 139/ 41 rated as pseudo

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12
Q

Conclusion of rosenhan

A

Diagnosis tools like dsm and icd unreliable

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13
Q

Posiives of rosenhan

A

ecological validity but field experiment
-application
Generalizability as different types of hospitals used

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14
Q

Negatives of rosenhan

A

unrepresentative
-unethical
Reliability

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15
Q

Cross cultural

A

the systematic comparisons of different cultures that aim t understand to understand variations of human behavior as it is influenced by cultural context
-outsider

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16
Q

Examin of cross culture

A

gottesman40 European countries
-issues of representation
-validity
-littlewood and lipsedge - country affects
-defining abnormality

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17
Q

Family intervention therapy

A

improvin communication, solving family issues wiht practical and emotional support and aims to treat distressin 4 Ds

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18
Q

Predictive validity

A

Try to predict future behaviors of people with mhds but it isnt Sam was physical and should help recover or if symptoms will continue

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19
Q

Construct validity

A

Mental health disorders can overlap it isn’t a fixed construct as mental health diagnosis not just one symptom

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20
Q

Aetiological validity

A

For each mhd has the same cause of diagnosis so occurs in same way

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21
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder is where you have reoccurring thoughts and behaviors that cannot be controlled

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22
Q

Obsessions

A

Unwanted ideas, thoughts and images

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23
Q

Compulsions

A

Recurring behaviors r actions

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24
Q

Dsm - 5 of ocd

A

thoughts and actions must occur for 1 hour and 2 weeks
- attempt to neutralize thought with action
- -disturbance not explained better by another disorder

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25
Common ocd
cleansing ocd -order ocd -contamination ocd
26
Roominations
Bad thoughts on a cycle
27
Strengths family intervention therapy
relapse rates in nccmh found 26% unlike standard of 50%
28
Negatives family intervention
Time consuming and costly -DT and FI have been shown more effective
29
How does family intervention therapy work
Takes place in the home for. 3-12 on the period wiht sessions every 2-4 weeks following the NICE schedule
30
Supporting evidence of FI therapy
Phtaraoh -reviews 53 studies to investigate effectiveness of FI and meds increased compliance and not allbenefitted wiht therapy of standard care
31
Mowrer
Believed ocd can be explained by classical conditioning and reinforcement
32
Classical conditioning of ocd explanation
Connection made between object (CS)and fear (CR) The NS then becomes paired wiht the experience and anxiety is produced The anxiety that is caused has been discovered to be avoided by avoiding the stimulus and developing strategies (compulsions)
33
reinforcement in ocd
Behavior of avoidance is negatively reinforced in that it continues in order to reduce anxiety
34
OCD contmaination example
UCS- being ill UCR- anxious NS- food CS-food CR- anxiety
35
Stimulus generalization
Anything could be contaminated- anxiety that is created can be associated y anything similar to the original cause
36
Problems with Behavioural approach in ocd
Doesn’t explain lack of serotonin in biological If just learnt then drugs wouldn’t have an effect Very environmental Founded on research on animals
37
Tracy OCD
Student Ps given checklist of ocd symptoms and categorized wit either ocd or not Those identified as ocd type more likely to be conditioned on eye blink task where earned to blink to sound of bell - much easier with ocd type to be conditioned
38
Problems with biological ocd
cause and effect as only scan after ocd -twins share environment -twin study registry has publication bias and only published if results found
39
Family and two studies in ocd
Genetic factors as ocd levels in population is 1-2% and the likelihood increases the closer their genetic relationship wit someone already wiht ocd
40
OCD abnormalities
polygenetic -abnormality on HSert gene in recent studies
41
Supporting evidence of FI therapy
Phtaraoh -reviews 53 studies to investigate effectiveness of FI and meds increased compliance and not allbenefitted wiht therapy of standard care
42
Mowrer
Believed ocd can be explained by classical conditioning and reinforcement
43
Classical conditioning of ocd explanation
Connection made between object (CS)and fear (CR) The NS then becomes paired wiht the experience and anxiety is produced The anxiety that is caused has been discovered to be avoided by avoiding the stimulus and developing strategies (compulsions)
44
HSERT ROLE IN OCD
Codes proteins tat transport serotonin - abnormality makes transporter to acttooquickly and take serotonin before transmitted its message to next neuron -not enough left at synapse
45
Bio-chemical theory in ocd
Argues ocd sufferers have over activity in orbi frontal contex - responsible for decision making, converting sensory info and alerting worries in environment - likely inherited
46
What is obrifrontla
Worry circuit - respond with alarm when not necessary
47
Carey ad Gottesman results
Found identical twins had concordance of 87%of obsessive DZ twins only 47%
48
What does Carey and gottesman find
Genetic factors moderately important
49
Grootheest
Review of twin studies on ocd -reported higher concordance for MZ then DZ
50
Dsm
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mhd to provide criteria of diagnosing disorders -American
51
Why was dsm developed
Developed for census of mhd using descriptions and classifications eg neuroses
52
Issues witht dsm
Holistic- cant determine the whole picture
53
Multi axial system
Consists of 5 axes where each diagnosis has 5levels and therefore relate to different aspects soundersands all
54
Axis 1-
Considers development and learning of mhd
55
Axis 2
Underlying personality conditions
56
Axis 3
Medical and physical conditions
57
Axi 4
Physiological and environmental factor of mhd
58
Axi 5
Assessment of global functioning
59
Subjectivity and objectivity fo diagnosis points
IQ high despite abnormality -culture abnormality -interpretation of statistics -not abnormal if its 50% -behavior changes over time
60
IQ high despite abnormality
Some statistical deviations sociallly desired so shouldn’t over or under include
61
Interpretation of statistics
2 standard deviation away from mean -is 2.2 inclusive enough and what is behavior puts you in bottom or top
62
It’s not abnormality if 50%
Can’t rely on some mhd as some stistically rare eg depression is frequent behavior
63
Behavior changes
Eg homosexuality, moral sanity - white men use diagnosis to control aswhen deviating form social norms you become vulnerable to manipulation so is used as a tool against less powerful
64
Drapetomania
Slaves irrational desire to escape
65
ICD 10
Used to monitor global mortality and morbidity statistics -each disorder has a code starting with F and are listed with 11 sections in chapter 5
66
Example of ICD10
Sz,sizatydand and delusional disorders are all grouped
67
Positives of ICD 10
Each section has left over codes for later added disorders codes used for indexing medical records International classification of disorders
68
How is ICD 10 used
Selects key words from interview that relate to symptoms and look upon index
69
Differences between dsm and icd
Dsm- greater need to satisfy avoidance or emotional numbing symptoms - most widely used research - holistics Icd- more widely used clinically and certain events can classify -clinical -easier to do as quicker for locating

clinical psych (3 decks)

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