exam

Question 1

What is ischemia?

Answer 1

Impaired blood flow, perfusion of tissues

Question 2

What is infarction

Answer 2

Necrosis of the tissue as a result of ischemia

Question 3

What are the 2 types of infarction and where do they occur

Answer 3

Red: venous occlusion, loose tissues , single blood supply - liver, lungs
White: solid tissues, single blood supply - heart, spleen

Question 4

What are the 3 predisposing factors for thrombus formation

Answer 4

Changes in intimal surface of blood vessels
Changes in pattern of blood flow
Changes in blood constituents

Question 5

What is a venous thrombus associated with and what does it result in

Answer 5

Associated with trauma, occlusion or stasis
Distal tissues becoming swollen, red, tender

Question 6

What is an arterial thrombus associated with and what does it result in

Answer 6

Associated with atheroma
Distal tissues become pale, cold, pulseless leading to infarction

Question 7

What are the 4 causes of embolism

Answer 7

Thromboembolism
Tumour
Foreign material
Infective agent

Question 8

What is atheroma and the 3 types

Answer 8

Fatty material inside arteries
3 types: fatty streaks, fibrolipid plaque, complicated leisons

Question 9

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 9

Progression of atheroma

Question 10

What is an aneurysm and what are the 3 complications

Answer 10

Abnormal permanent dilation of a blood vessel
Emboli, occlusion, rupture

Question 11

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer

Answer 11

Sustaining proleferative signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death

Question 12

What are the 4 main carcinogens and give an example of each

Answer 12

Direct acting chemical substances - alkalating agents
Indirect acting chemical substances - tobacco smoke
Physical agents - UV light
Biological agents - human pamillonia virus

Question 13

What is type I hypersensitivity mediated by and give 2 examples

Answer 13

IgE
Systemic: nuts allergies
Localised: hayfever

Question 14

What is type II hypersensitivity mediated by and give 1 example

Answer 14

IgG, IgM
Blood transfusion reactions

Question 15

What is type III mediated by and give 1 example

Answer 15

Immune complexes
Farmer’s lung

Question 16

What is type IV hypersensitivity mediated by and give 1 example

Answer 16

CD4 cells
Contact dermatitis

Question 17

What are the 6 stages in the chain of infection

Answer 17

Microorganism
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host

Question 18

What are the 4 routes of transmission and how are they minimised

Answer 18

Direct contact: wash hands, wear PPE
Indirect contact: single use instruments, sterilisation
Aerosol: good aspiration, wear PPE
Parenteral: safe handing and disposal of sharps

Question 19

What are the 3 stages in the decontamination cycle

Answer 19

Cleaning: manual, manual with ultrasonic scalers, automated
Disinfection: moist heat at 70-90 C
Sterilisation: autoclaving at 134-137 C for 3 minutes

Question 20

What is the difference between type N and type B sterilisers and when do you use them

Answer 20

Type N: non-vacuum - for non-wrapped, solid instruments
Type B: vacuum stage - for hollow air retentive, packed instruments

Question 21

What does TLR2 recongise

Answer 21

LTA on gram positive bacteria

Question 22

What does TLR3 recognise

Answer 22

Viral RNA

Question 23

What does TLR4 recognise

Answer 23

LPS of gram negative bacteria

Question 24

What does TLR5 recognise

Answer 24

Flagellin

Question 25

What does TLR9 recognise

Answer 25

CpG motifs in bacterial and viral DNA

Question 26

What can untreated staphylococcus aureus lead to

Answer 26

Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis

Question 27

What 3 skin infections does staphylococcus aureus cause

Answer 27

Impetigo
Cellulitis
Boils, styles, carbuncles

Question 28

What 3 skin infections does streptococcus pyogenes cause

Answer 28

Impetigo
Erysipelasis
Cellulitis

Question 29

What are the oral manifestations of syphillis

Answer 29

Primary: chancre, lesion very infectious heals >5 weeks
Secondary: mucosal lesions, ulcers, very infectious, swelling of lymph nodes < 6 weeks
Tertiary: usually hard palate necrotising, ulcerative lesion years later
Congenital: permanent teeth smaller than normal abnormal occlusal surfaces on molars, hutchinsons incisors

Question 30

What are the oral manifestations of Neisseria gonnahoea

Answer 30

Pharyngitis
Cervical lymphadenopathy

Question 31

What are the oral manifestations of chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 31

Long lasting throat discomfort

Question 32

What are the oral manifestations of staphylococcus aureus

Answer 32

Mucosal inflammation, bleeding

Question 33

What are the oral manifestations of HSV-1

Answer 33

Primary: gingivostomatitis, oral lesion, whitlow
Reactivation: cold sores

Question 34

What are the oral manifestations of VZV

Answer 34

Primary infection: chickenpox palatal lesions
Reactivation: shingles

Question 35

What are the oral manifestations of EBV

Answer 35

Infectious mononucleosis: sore throat, tonsils enlarged, cream/white exudate on tonsils

Question 36

What are the oral manifestations of HIV

Answer 36

Candidiasis
Hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Gingivitis
Periodontitis

Question 37

What are the 4 types of candida infections

Answer 37

Pseudomembranous
Hyperplastic
Erythematous
Angular chelitus

Question 38

What are the 6 anti-microbial components found in saliva

Answer 38

Histatins
Defensins
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase
Lysozyme
Secretary IgA

Question 39

What is the suffix for benign tumours

Answer 39

—Oma

Question 40

What are the suffixes for malignant tumours

Answer 40

— Carcinoma
— Sarcoma
— Aemia