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Health Science 1100 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two most commonly discussed factors for health in our society

A

Genetics and Behaviors

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2
Q

What are some common characteristics of social determinants of health

A

Social living conditions
Non-medical factors
Ways of thinking about social and living conditions and their causes beyond just genetics

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3
Q

What was life expectancy in Canada in 1800’s

A

Below 40

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4
Q

What was the life expectancy in 1921

A

57.1 years

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5
Q

What was the life expectancy in 1950

A

70 years

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6
Q

What is the life expectancy now

A

82 years

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7
Q

What are the top 10 caused of mortality in 1881

A
  • Smallpox
  • Typhus
  • Cholera
  • Diphtheria
  • Dysentery
  • Measles
  • Tuberculosis
  • Typhoid
  • Scarlet Fever
  • Meningitis
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8
Q

What are the top 10 causes of death in Canada today

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Heart disease
  3. Stroke
  4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases
  5. accidents
  6. Diabetes
  7. Alzheimer
  8. Influenza and pneumonia
  9. Suicide
  10. Kidney disease
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9
Q

What are the difference between the top 10 causes of death in Canada from 1881 to now?

A

Now they are chronic diseases that take longer to lead to death than infectious diseases. We don’t smoke have access to vaccines and know whats healthy.

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10
Q

Who is the father of modern pathology

A

Rudolf Virchow

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11
Q

Who said this quote “Disease is not something personal and special but only a manifestation of life under modified pathological conditions

A

Virchow

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12
Q

What are the 3 low income disease mechanisms

A
  • Material and social deprivation
  • Adoption of health-threatening behaviours
  • Chronic stress
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13
Q

Why should we care about SDH

A
  • Pragmatic (helps explain patterns in the distribution of health and disease rates, supports the development of sustainable solutions, life course perspective)
  • Job creation
  • Ethical is a social justice issue, everyone has a right to live the healthiest life possible
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14
Q

What is code red

A

Explores the impacts that social determinants of health have on people in Hamilton

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15
Q

When was code red started

A

2010

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16
Q

How many difference in life expectancy in Hamilton

A

21

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17
Q

How much of the difference in life expectancy in hamilton is due to SDH and what are the 3

A

42% due to 3 SDH
Poverty
Acess to health care
Education

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18
Q

What is mothers too soon and when was it published

A

It is an article that talks about teen pregnancy in two neighbourhoods and was published in 2011

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19
Q

What are some of the risks of teen pregnancy

A
  • Judgment and stigma
    Reduces income and opportunities in education
    Risks to the child being born
    Die during first year of life
    learning diffculties
    leave school before graduating
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20
Q

In mothers too soon how much percent have lower birth weights in some neigborhoods

A

15%

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21
Q

In mothers too soon in Sherman wentworth neighbourhood how many moms were teens

A

1 in 7

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22
Q

What are some facts about the sherman wentworth neighborhood

A

Average household 36,000
1 in 4 adults dont have a high school education

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23
Q

What are some facts about the Burlington the orchard neighbourhood in mother too soon

A

Not one teen pregnancy in same 4 years
Average household income 106 000
2 out of 3 adults have university

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24
Q

What were some of the patterns across the province that were noticed in the mothers too soon article

A
  • correlates to poverty
  • opportunity deficit
  • Limited support for and success in school
    neighbourhood and family norms and value
    Perception of healthcare and system providers
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25
Q

What are the 14 social determinants

A
  1. Abrioginal staus
  2. Disability
  3. Early Life
  4. Education
  5. Employment and working conditions
  6. Food insecurity
  7. Health serviced
  8. Gender
  9. Housing
  10. Income and Income distrubution
  11. Race
  12. Social exlusion
  13. Social safety net
  14. Unemployment and job security
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26
Q

True or false Canada is one in the two wealthiest conturies that developed the greatest income inequality

A

True

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27
Q

What are some ways to decrease income inequality

A

Increase the minimum wage and boost assistance levels
Progressive taxation
Greater degree of unionized workplaces
Policy implications to reduce the effects of education
Tuition fees for uni and college must be controlled by the government

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28
Q

In the reading, if Canada should adopt a food stamp style program to help with food insecurity what was the coluncsion?

A

That we should not adopt it as it will do very little to help and might even increase further harm

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29
Q

What is food insecurity

A

A measure of inability to access food

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30
Q

What are the causes of food insecurity

A

Global and economic forces, war and displacement environmental disaster and inequality

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31
Q

What does being food secure mean

A

Having the right calories and the right type of food to lead a healthy life

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32
Q

What percentage of Canadians reported being food insecure in the past 30 days

A

14.6%

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33
Q

How many households are food insecure in Canada

A

2.1 million compared to 1.2 in 2011

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34
Q

Who uses food banks

A

33% are children
32% have a disability
4% are senior citzens

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35
Q

What are the stats about the uneven distribution of food insecurity across social groups

A
  • 20% recent immigrants
    28% racialized black minorities
    28.2 being aboriginal people
    34% of households that are food insecure are headed by single mothers
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36
Q

What province has the highest insecurity

A

Nunvut at 57%

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37
Q

What are some systemic factors of food insecurity in Nunavut

A

changes in tradation dependendent on imports and povery

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38
Q

What percentage on social assistance in Nunavut

A

41%

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39
Q

What amount o households have emplyoment income that are food insecure

A

2/3

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40
Q

What are the disease that come from food insufficient households in canada

A

Diabetes 80% more likely
70% more likely to develop food allergies
50% more likely to experience high or low blood pressure

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41
Q

What article states that everyone has a right to standard living adequate including food

A

25

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42
Q

The great depression how many people were out of work in 1930

A

25%

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43
Q

When was the food stamp program put in place

A

1939

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44
Q

What was the food stamp program

A

If you pruchased a $1 organe stamp you could get a 0.50 blue stamp for free and the blue food stamp would go to things that were in a slurplus that way they didn’t have a complete ecnomic downfall

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45
Q

Who was the first person to stand in line

A

Mrs Mabel Mcfiggan

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46
Q

What was the new food stamp program SNAP

A

It was in 2008 and a bank card based to get rid of stigmitzed stamps and there were 40 million participants

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47
Q

What were the qualifications for the SNAP program

A

Had to be living under the 30% poverty line and not if your a student without a disability 1 person houselhold would get 204 a month and a 4 person household would get a 604 month

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48
Q

What is a paternalistic police

A

Procetcting the people who are governed or employed by porviding them with what they need but not giving them any responsbility or choice

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49
Q

What is the ratio of people who use a food bank who are insecure

A

1 in 5

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50
Q

What is the capability approach

A

Poverty is a moral wrong and you need to ctually fix the problem jobs are too low paied

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51
Q

What are 3 system level solutions for food insecurity

A
  1. Food insecuriy cut in half once recive old age
  2. Maybe subsidizing food for norther and rual communities
    3.Newfoundland and Labrador 2006 poverty reduction stratgey
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52
Q

What systems make food insecurity a health issue

A

Part of the CAN med and Canadian nurse practitioner core competent be able to advise them on certain opportunities.

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53
Q

What is the special diet allowance

A
  • supports those that have a medical condition that costs more money such as gluten intolerance
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54
Q

What are disadvantages of food stamps

A
  • says the problem is a lack of food
    still stigma
    food stamps dont eliminate f.i
    bureacuracy
    indignities
    paternalism/dependency
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55
Q

What are 6 things that defines a job as good?

A

Job security
Safety
Adequate conditions/ intensity
Opportunities for self-expression and individual development at work
Feeling one is a valued participant
Work-life balance

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56
Q

What percentage of people work in gig economy

A

8%

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57
Q

What is intensification and what are the stats

A

Increased expectations that work be completed at a greater speed with greater effort and on a tight deadline
2/3 of Canadians are working more than 40 hours a week

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58
Q

What country has the highest stat minimum and who has the lowest

A

Australia
Japan

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59
Q

Who has the highest amount of public holidays and who has the lowest

A

Japan has the highest
and Australia has the lowest

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60
Q

How many amount of North Americans who had vacation time did not take it

A

70%

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61
Q

What are the impacts of objective conditions on emplyoment

A

Being unemployed objectively reduces one’s income and ability to secure resources

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62
Q

How many Canadians are eligible for employment insurance

A

1 in 2 worker

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63
Q

What are subjective impacts for unemployment

A

Different individuals experience the objective conditions of employment in different ways

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64
Q

How are objective and subjective impacts of work also contextual

A

The work that we accept or need to accept the working conditions we face are all socially determined
Also how we respond to these conditions can be the result of social circumstances and status

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65
Q

What are the 5 potential pathways of job insecurity

A
  1. Injury
  2. Stress-induced physiological changes
  3. Increased risky behaviour
  4. loss of social support
  5. Inadequacy of income
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66
Q

What ratio of injuries that need medical attention occur at work

A

1 in 6

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67
Q

What job has the highest amount of work injuries

A

Construction and manufacation at 40%

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68
Q

How many people said there disability was due to work

A

25%

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69
Q

How many Canadians find most work days stressful

A

1/3

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70
Q

What is allostatic overload

A

Wear and tear on the body due to sress

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71
Q

What is the long arm of the job

A

Work spills over and high affects home life
Rather then compensating they replace

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72
Q

What is the scarcity hypothesis

A

When we are being used to much at work we become tired and start to emotional distance and absence from home

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73
Q

What are some negative impacts on family life with jobs

A

Parents mental health
Increase irritability in interactions with kids
Impacts on marital satisfaction

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74
Q

What are the gendered differences observed in a work home life balance

A

Its hardest on children when the mother experiences a WFC
Children recover faster when the WFC is with the father then with the mother

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75
Q

What is the fourth industrial revolution

A

Increased opportunity for gig work off shoring services and those who are tech savy

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76
Q

What is gig work

A

They are self-employed freelancers (uber eats, contractors)

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77
Q

What are some negative impacts about gig work

A

Unstable flow of income
Job insecurity
Privitaized responsibility for safety

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78
Q

What is the problem with digital skills being increasingly needed

A

Not everyone has the same access to digital upskilling

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79
Q

What are the issues with AI facilitated job recruitment

A

Discriminate against people who are less tech savvy
May favour body language of certain genders or cultural groups

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80
Q

What is worker vulnerability

A

Groups of workers who are exposed to structural factors (racism, ableism sexism)

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81
Q

What happened to Joyce Echaquan?

A

She had suffered severe stomach pain they called her stupid and only good for sex this is not the only case she ended up dying because she didn’t receive treatment.

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82
Q

What act protection from discrimination as a right of all Canadians

A

The Canadian charter of rights and freedoms

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83
Q

What are acts of discrimination

A
  • Actions within systems of power that adversely affect populations directly and indirectly
  • Often normalized and nautralized
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84
Q

What is racism at a structural discrimination level

A

Macro level conditions that limit resources opportunities and the well of less privileged groups
It is institutionalized, widespread and normalized

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85
Q

What are the interlocking patterns that are examples of structural discrimination

A

Housing
Criminal Justice
Public Health
Education
Banking

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86
Q

How many people in Canada who self-identify as belonging to a visible minority have experienced discrimination

A

81%

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87
Q

How many women have experienced racism

A

1 in 5

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88
Q

How many people in poverty identify with a racial group

A

62%

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89
Q

How much do racialized Canadians earn in comparison to $1 by non-racialized groups

A

81.4 cents

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90
Q

What ammount of members of the black community of Torontos population and how many of that percentage faced police charges

A

8.8% are apart of Torontos population and 32.4% faced police charges

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91
Q

How does individual discrimination affects one health

A

Higher chronic disease risk: diabetes and cardiovascular disease, reduced health seeking, higher levels of unhappiness, loneliness and depression

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92
Q

True or false that every income bracket in Canada harbours slightly better outcomes than the one below it

A

True

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93
Q

What is social deprivation

A

Not able to get jobs or schooling or participate in normal extra curricular activities need to accept risker jobs

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94
Q

Where do racialized identity and income intersect for disadvantage

A

Material deprivation: cant buy healthy or sufficient food
Neighbourhood/ housing conditions
Access to green spaces/ nature/ recreation

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95
Q

How does racism have an impact on health as a psychosocial stressor

A
  • People anticipate negative interactions
    -Being hypervisible and being more noticed or judged
  • Stress of worrying about loved ones navigating risks of discrimination
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96
Q

What are some ways allostatic load can wear down the body

A

Chronic stress, anxiety, poor sleep, increased risk for cardiovascular, suppressed immune system, anxiety, depression, hypertension, insulin resistance, decreased digestive actvity

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97
Q

What is intersectionality

A

People simultaneously face bias along multiple identity dimensions

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98
Q

How much higher were covid-19 cases in racialized communities

A

1.5 to 5 times higher

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99
Q

How much higher were rates of infection in first nations communities

A

69%

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100
Q

What is the she-cession

A

Covid-19 disproportionately impact women as they have both paid roles and informal roles of caregiving

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101
Q

How did the pandemic disporportionatly affect first nations people?

A

Indigenous people in Canada face up to 50% of heart disease and 2X more likely to develop kidney disease than non-indigenous people therefore Covid-19 is more dangerous for people with chronic conditions.

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102
Q

What are the three forms Bias comes in

A
  1. Interpersonal Interactions ( diagnoses, pain management)
  2. Internal dynamics (communication, collaboration)
    3.Costs/wastes
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103
Q

Who declared climate change to be the greatest threat of 21st century

A

LANEET

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104
Q

In what year did LANEET declare climate change to be the greatest threat of 21st century

A

2009

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105
Q

What is anthroprogenic

A

originating in human activities, so climate change is from human activities

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106
Q

What does overheating of the body do ?

A
  • increases respiratory problems+ dehydration (shared risk with young children)
  • increase risk of heart attack and dizziness, exhaustion, falls
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107
Q

What is UHI

A

Urban Heat Island Effect

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108
Q

In UHI, why are the microclimates created?

A
  • due to construction materials
    -lack of ventilation
  • lack of green spaces
  • -5 higher in certain areas?
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109
Q

What are vector borne diseases patterns

A
  • when more insects are bread faster due to increasing heat causing a high population of them to infect
  • infections transmitted by the bite of an anthropoid species (eg, mosquitoes)
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110
Q

What is the stat about vector borne disease patterns

A

up to 10x increase with every 1 degree celsius increase

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111
Q

What are examples of vector borne diseases

A

malaria, dengue, tick-borne and encephalitis

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112
Q

What was BC’s fire season and what was the record of being worse

A
  • in 2021
  • 3rd worst on record
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113
Q

How many fires and what is the area of the burning

A
  • 16.000 fires
  • 87000 square km
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114
Q

Why were there forest fires in BC

A

due to drought and heat waves

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115
Q

Where do wild fires thrive?

A

-dry vegetation+ hot weather and wind to spread on initial spark

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116
Q

What is Manitoba’s relationship to drought?

A

exceptional drought conditions

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117
Q

What is the stat regarding lightning in Canada regarding wildfires and how much is burned

A
  • lightning causes 50% of Canada’s wildfires
  • responsible for 85% of areas burned
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118
Q

Smoke increases air pollution which releases…

A
  • sulphur dioxide
  • carbon dioxide
  • fine particulate matter (PM)
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119
Q

Symptoms of smoke exposure are:

A
  • headaches
  • eyes/ears/nose/throat irritation
  • chest pain
  • severe cough
  • wheezing
  • irregular heartbeats
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120
Q

Who are more susceptible to wildfire smoke

A
  • seniors
  • people employed outdoors
  • preggo women
  • young children+ infants
  • people with pre-exisiting heart conditions such as diabetes, lung/ heart conditons and cancer
121
Q

What do climate change disasters cause?

A
  • death
  • worse chronic health conditions
  • mental health trauma
  • access to essentials medicine/loved ones/ water supply/ etc
122
Q

Stat about climate change disaster

A
  • more than 20 million people per year are forced from their homes by climate change
123
Q

What structures are at a greater risk of being destroyed during a natural disaster

A
  • precarious structures are at a greater risk
124
Q

What is gender?

A

a culture specific system of power that defines certain values, norms, rules ‘natural’ for men and women
- also context and historically culturally specific

125
Q

Stat about gender

A

men have more control and power over family and material resources (ex. land, income)

126
Q

Drought meaning

A
  • period of time when an area/region experience below normal precipitation
127
Q

What was Zambia’s main concern? and stat about times and years

A

drought
- in 2019 they had the lowest rainfall since 1981

128
Q

What does Zambia mainly survive on

A

subsistence farming

129
Q

What is subsistence farming mean

A

relying on food/ livestock at the local and househould levels

130
Q

What is qualitative research

A

a research aims to deepen understanding of a phenomenon and it produces detailed description of social phenomenon and human making, behaviour, meaning-making and interactions

131
Q

The methods of qualitative research

A
  • ethnography
  • focus group discussions
  • interviews
  • observation
132
Q

What is quantitative research

A
  • measures a phenomenon and produces data that can be analyzed with statistical procedures
133
Q

Addressing inequalities about maternal mortality stat

A
  • 25x higher risk of death giving birth in Zambia compared to in Canada
134
Q

Ways to address inequalities

A
  • access to health care
  • access to low interest loans
  • fertilizers and short cycle crops
  • incentives for keeping girls in school
135
Q

What is climate justice

A
  • the adverse impacts of climate change are not equally distributed
  • adverse effects will be greater for socially and economically marginalized groups
  • ethnically and practically, an intersectional approach is needed to reduce the interconnected social environmental impacts of climate change
136
Q

What are the root cause of anthropogenic climate change around the world

A

green houses

137
Q

What is morbidity vs mortality

A

morbidity: #of diseases
mortality: #of deaths

138
Q

What did women in Zambia desire due to drought

A

smaller families

139
Q

What happened as household incomes declined in Zambia?

A
  • women and girl vulnerabilties increased
  • young children increasingly entered the workforce
  • young girls were married when families could not afford school fees and struggled to support them financially
140
Q

What does WHO estimate in the Zambia article?

A
  • between 2030- 2050 climate change will be responsible for 250 000 excessive deaths due to malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress
141
Q

How much is it going to cost the US in direct health costs?

A
  • 2-4 billion dollars by 2030
142
Q

In Zambia article what are the trends for girls?

A
  • reduced school attendance
  • early marriage
  • male out migration
  • studies in south asia have shown increased risk of preterm birth and preclampsia to environmental changes
  • sexual and gender based violence is frequently reported during forced migration events
  • the agriculture sector supports 85% of the country’s population while employing 52% of the country’s working- age population
143
Q

What did the drought do to Zambia people?

A
  • pushed women into jobs with heightned manual labour
  • men in sectors traditionally dominated by women
  • reduced employment in agriculture
  • lead to more alc usage among men and therefore household problems
  • cant afford contraceptives
  • food insecurity linked to heightened sexual risk among girls +women
  • adolescent girls and unemployed women experience higher rate of intimate partner sexual +physical violence in drought related communities
144
Q

How many people did July’s heatwave in Quebec kill?

A
  • over 90 people in over a week
145
Q

Was Montreal’s city allowing the homeless population to public areas during heat wave

A

no

146
Q

What is benedict Lobre House

A

a day center for homeless people

147
Q

What couldnt the benedict lobre house do?

A

secure a donated air conditioning until 5 days into the heatwave

148
Q

How many Montreal Residents were killed due to the heatwave

A

54

149
Q

What was the age group of the majority of the residents that died in montreal due to the heatwave

A

over 50 years old

150
Q

How long were the bodies decaying for?

A

2 days before being found

151
Q

Who suffered the most in the heat?

A

poor and isolated

152
Q

Stat about US immigrants and heat

A

they are 3 times more likely to die from heat exposure than american citizens

153
Q

Who are vulnerable to heat death in india

A

Slum dwellers

154
Q

What do the hawaiian researchers project?

A

share of the worlds population exposed to deadly heat for atleast 20 days in a year will increase from 30% now to 74% by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions grow

155
Q

What happened in 2018 regarding heat?

A
  • azerghijah or baku had te hottest temp of 43 degrees celsius
  • low 30’s in scandinovia
  • mercury did not dip below 38 degrees celcius for a week in tokyo japan
  • in early july heatwave in LA, Chino, saw temps of 48.8 degrees celsius
156
Q

Balck people, asians and hispanic stat in releation to heat risk

A

black people were 52% more likely to than white people to live in areas of unnatural “heat risk - related land cover” asians: 32% and hispanics are 21%

157
Q

What did india do to help reduce heat related risks?

A
  1. unlocking the gates to public parks during the day
  2. distributing free water
  3. painting the roofs of slum communities white- knock off 5 degree celsius internal temps
158
Q

What is a global health challenge

A

The challenge exists across many regions of the world
The causes and impacts transgress the national border

159
Q

What are two examples of global health challenges presented in the lecture

A

The refugee crisis
Climate change

160
Q

In 2018 how many people died from TB

A

1.5 million

161
Q

What are the stats of TB in refrence to poverty and inequality

A

95% of cases in low and middle income conturies

162
Q

What are the 4 countries that account for 2/3 of the cases for tubericolus

A

India Indonesia China Nigera

163
Q

How many cases of TB were in India

A

27%

164
Q

How many UN sustainable development goals are there

A

17

165
Q

What year is TB targeted to end and under which goal

A

2030 goal number 3

166
Q

What are the problems with trying to treat TB in Africia

A

Hard to find cases and symptoms can be because of lack of food
Hard to get to health care systems
People don’t seek healthcare early

167
Q

What are the problems with non adherence

A

TB treatment takes 6 months
It’s hard on the body
Hard to get refills
Requires monitoring

168
Q

What is the first pillar when trying to target TB

A

Integrated patient-centred care and prevention
( early detection treatment and make sure they have access to treatment and engage in it)

169
Q

What is the second pillar when trying to target TB

A

Requires intense participation across government, communication and private stakeholders

170
Q

What is the third pillar when trying to target TB

A

Intensified research and innovation (new technologies)

171
Q

What are DrOTS

A

Drone observed therapy system that took place in Madagascar

172
Q

How many people live in extreme poverty in Madgascar

A

79%

173
Q

How far are people in Madagascar from a health center

A

60% liver over a 5km about a 12 hour walk away

174
Q

What are the 4 innovations that were disscused in helping treat TB in madascgar

A
  1. Instructional videos shown on mobile phones
  2. Medication reminder/recorders (boxes that beep when to take your pill)
  3. Remote symptom monitoring
  4. Drones for transport
175
Q

How did the drones work what were the steps

A

Health worker activates a GPS to call in the drone for the suspect case of TB
The drone is flow in from the treatment center
Health care worker takes a sputum sample and sends it back
The analysis is done and if positive MERM devices is given out and exchanged each month delivering new drugs

176
Q

How many lives were saved through the TB diagnosis and treatment between 2000 2019

A

60 million

177
Q

How many people die daily in the world because of TB and how many in total died in 2019

A

5000 die daily and 1.4 milion died in 2019

178
Q

What is the charity model of disability

A

Common consequence of deinstitutionalization is the inability to access other built environmental at the neighbourhood scale, particularly due to the legacy of poor urban-scale design
- western cities are characterized and inscribed with the values of an able- bodied society

179
Q

What is the medical model of disability

A
  • normative model based on classifying levels of deviance or deficiency compared to a normative state
  • a persons impairment can be diagnosed, cured or atleast rehabilitiated by modern medicine or medical technology and interventions will be provided by all-knowing professionals
  • looks at u being the problem
180
Q

What is the social model of disability

A
  • disability arises from barriers within an oppressive and discrminantyl society rather than impairment
  • recognizing that the built environment is a disabling instrument itself
  • ***basucally places responsibility on society to get rid of barriers so as to accomodate and inlcude people w disabilities
181
Q

What is the relational model of disability

A

-strong support of deinstitulization, recognition of the diversity of the human condition, and belief that people with disability and ‘normal’ (ordinary life) including access to the built environment are not mutually exclusive
- an emerging grand idea of social inclusion for people with disability

182
Q

What is the diversity model of disability

A
  • under representation of people with disability in employment, reduced educational attainment and the discriminatory nature of the existing built environment
  • disablement is a human phenomenon rather than a minority one
183
Q

What does disability as human variation mean under the diversity model of disabiltiy

A
  • focus on how society’s systems respond to varition introduced disability
184
Q

what is the human rights model of disability

A
  • evolved within a continuum of rights-based approach thinking
  • requires all built structures to be accessible for disabled people
185
Q

What is assessing neighbourhood accesbility

A
  • across anglophone countires, many people with disability find their everyday environment a daily overwhelming struggle
186
Q

What is the disability model application

A
  • unable to access local pedestrian environment, services and public transport
  • children with disability and unaddressed community access careers
187
Q

What are the two terms of dividing of social model (criticism)

A
  1. no place for impairment within the social model of disability
  2. the social model fails to take account of difference and presents disabled people as one unitary group whereas in reality our race, gender, sexuality and age mean that our needs and lives are more complex than that
188
Q

what is the social model limiting

A

to what is happening to disabled people in the modern world

189
Q

What distinction does the social model make

A
  • between impairment and disability
190
Q

What is disability vs impairment

A

impairment: persons condition
disability: social and political problem of society’s barriers

191
Q

what model looks at themselves being the problem and tries to fix themselves for you?

A

social model

192
Q

What is the affirmative model

A
  • instead of seeing a problem, this model positions impairment as an ordinary aspect of the human experience
    **embraces disability and sees impairment as part of an individual
193
Q

What is the rights based model

A

uses rights framework (UNCRPD) to posit that all persons should have access to all aspects of community
**looks at the rights of individual to partake in community

194
Q

What are the 4 main barriers accessing health care

A
  1. Physical barrier: stairs, narrow doorways
  2. Attitudinal barriers: unwillingless to accomodate
  3. Communication barrier: inadequate knowledge on how to communicate with individuals with diff forms of communication needs
  4. Systemic barriers: policies that systematically exclude, eg lack of homecare hours
195
Q

What are economic barriers

A

due to high unemployment rates among people with disabilities, paying for medical services might be difficult

196
Q

Examples of accessing information (barriers)

A
  • medical forms are hard copy and is hard to read or other disabilities with just understanding the forms
  • leads to lack of access to info
197
Q

Solutions to information barriers

A

-e forms
- QR codes
- medical info written in plain text
- 14pt form

198
Q

Trasportation barriers to access health care

A
  • might require paratransit
  • but u need advance booking
199
Q

Stat about employment and disabilities

A

transit is costly, and 49% of canadians with disabilities are employed

200
Q

Solutions to transport barriers

A
  • services like red cross offer medical transportation
  • tell patients about homecare and follow up to ensure services are being delivered
  • uber medical transportation project
201
Q

challenges in way finding in medical facilities

A
  • signage often in print and difficult to locate
  • assumptions that patients that require help will have someone to find
202
Q

solutions to way finding in medical faciltiies

A
  • install way finding tactic markers
  • eg, bluetooth gps (indoor navigation)
  • eg, blind square, near by explorer, aira (example of bluetooth gps)
203
Q

Stat about people with disabilities

A

22% of canada’s population live with disabilities

204
Q

What does community-based homecare promote

A

promotes independence and well being

205
Q

what are the most common types of assistance required in community based homecare

A
  1. housework
  2. getting to appts
  3. meal prep
206
Q

what are the max number of hours provided for agency based community care

A

4 hours

207
Q

if u have direct funded care; what are thr max hours for agency based care

A

6 hours day

208
Q

how many individuals live with a disability under age 65 in canada

A

18% live in long term care homes

209
Q

why do these individuals in long term care homes

A
  • due to long waiting list times for funding
  • restrictions on type/required assistance needed
  • accessible vs affordable housing
210
Q

What ratio of people get assistance and what gender is more favoured?

A
  • 2/3 individuals are amt that get assistance and women are more likely to get help than men
211
Q

What is ableism in health care

A
  • a belief system that favours able bodied experience
  • perceives people with disability as less worthy
  • can be conscious or unconscious in an individual, institution or a culture of a society
212
Q

What can institutional ableism restrict?

A

it can restrict community engagement for people with disabilities

213
Q

How to dismantle the ableism culutre in health care

A
  • recognizing and valuing the experiences of users with disabilities
    **and then these individuals can learn from others
214
Q

What are the 6 CanMEd competencies

A

Professional
Scholar
Health Advocate
Leader
Collaborator
Communicator

215
Q

What are the 4 strategies used to emphasize SDOH in medical education and medical practice?

A
  1. Partnerships between academic medical centers and community-based organizations
  2. Incorporating competency frameworks like the CanMED
  3. Utilizing non-clinical patient navigators
  4. Using electronic health record-based tools
216
Q

How many physicians as of Janauray

A

86 092

217
Q

How many jewish died in concentration camps

A

3.2 million

218
Q

What was Thomas’s special technique for sales?

A

He was willing to be rejected

219
Q

What has intertia

A

culture

220
Q

What did thomas do to make the nursing home feel like home

A

2 dogs, 4 cats and 100 birds, lots of plants and children visiting
* every resident got plants and birds in their room
- also added a child daycare station

221
Q

What was the impact of Thomas’s bringing in?

A
  • reduced the number of prescriptions required per resident by 38% and the death falls went down by 15%
222
Q

Why did thomas bring life back into the nursing home?

A
  • so that the residents find a reason to live
  • changed for the better by being holistic
223
Q

What happens as people become old?

A
  • they become more aware of their finite life and don’t ask for much
224
Q

What are the 5 ways loneliness can hurt your health?

A
  1. elevated cortisol
  2. chronic inflammation
  3. poor diet
  4. too much bouze
  5. too little exercise
225
Q

According to loneliness, what does elevated cortisol do?

A
  • loneliness causes stress which the body interprets as danger and this will chronically elevate cortisol which contributes to heart disease, diabetes, cancer, etc
226
Q

According to loneliness, what does chronic inflammation do?

A
  • its a systemic release of blood proteins that prep the immune system to deal with danger or injury
227
Q

what does health mean according to WHO

A
  • a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
228
Q

What does pain mean?

A
  • highly unpleasant physical sensation caused by illness or injury
  • it can be measured
  • its mental suffering and distress as well
229
Q

What does suffering mean?

A
  • the state of undergoing pain, distress or hardship
  • it does NOT depend on physiological condition
230
Q

Who is Bill Thomas?

A
  • a nursing home abolitionist
231
Q

What was the nursing home that bill thomas work on contain?

A
  • 80 elderly residents
  • 80% cognitivie disability or Alzheimers
  • all ‘severely disabled’
232
Q

What are the 3 plagues of nursing homes

A
  1. boredom
  2. loneliness
  3. helplessness
233
Q

What SDHs does Chase Memorial (the nursing home) look at?

A
  1. neighbourhood and built environment
  2. health care and health
  3. social and community context
234
Q

What is the 3 wishes project?

A
  • took place in st joseph’s hospital in hamilton
  • this was done bc over 60% of canadians are dying in hospitals where many are dying in ICUs
  • and ICUs are not created for dying
  • the death in ICUs is hard on the surviving family members bc it gives them a hospice setting vibe
235
Q

What is the goal of the 3 wishes project?

A
  • to bring peace to the final days of patients’ lives and ease the grieving process
236
Q

How are the 3 wishes project being done?

A

the patient or from the dying patients’ family members the project will honour 3 wishes from the patient

237
Q

What is culture?

A
  • multidimensional
  • shared, learned, dynamic (not static)
  • cannot be exhaustively defined
  • includes visible and non-visible aspects
238
Q

What is the importance of culture in health care

A
  1. respect for culture= respect for persons and humanity
  2. denial of cultural difference can reinforce inequities and increase suffering
  3. culturally sensitive care is good as it is more high quality and more family centered care
239
Q

What is death denying culturr

A

aging and dying viewed as pathological

240
Q

What city has the largest INUIT population other than the north

A

ottawa

241
Q

Why are there less resources for the inuit people in ottawa?

A
  • the census data is inaccurate leading to less funding for organization that serve the community
242
Q

In canada, what are the three indigenous groups recognized by the Constitution Act

A
  1. first nations
  2. metis
  3. inuit
243
Q

How many first nations groups are there approaching a population of 1 million

A

663 first nation groups

244
Q

What is the percentage of aboriginal people that represent canada

A

4%

245
Q

How many inuit regions are there in canada

A

4 Inuit regions

246
Q

In what year did the first nation gain the right to vote?

A

1960

247
Q

What are the many layers of stressors

A
  1. racism
  2. poor education
  3. family instability
  4. poverty
  5. unemployment
  6. residential instability

all of these are linked with high rates of depression, alcoholism, suicide and violence

248
Q

What is residential instability

A

associated with family instability and a high proportion of female love- parents families with low incomes

**individuals living with this experience great social difficulties, such as poor education attainment divorce, crime and suicide

249
Q

What is the major challenge for URBAN indigenous people

A

1.to maintain social cohesion
2. made more complex bc of multinational and multitribal nature of urban indigenous populations which further reduces social cohesion and the ability to establish indigenous institutions

250
Q

What did the Canadian Government suvery in 2001 show?

A

it showed that 2/3 of first nations reserves had water supplies that were at risk of contamination

251
Q

What is an increasing disease due to environmental factors in indigenous populations

A

diabetes

252
Q

What did Australia and Canada see in 2008 and for what ?

A

they saw apologies from the federal governments for their assimilationist policies

253
Q

What constitution act protects aboriginal and treaty rights

A

section 35, 1982 of the constitution Act

254
Q

What names were replaced instead of using “Indians”

A

-first nations
- aboriginals

**but they prefer to go by their reserve names

255
Q

How many first nations communities are there in canada

A

634

256
Q

how many first nations communities are there IN ONTARIO

A

133

257
Q

What is the dominating groups in Ottawa and Toronto

A

Inuit

258
Q

Why are a lot of Inuits in toronto and ottawa

A
  1. came for treatment and were either stranded there or just decided to stay which just increased the social capital
259
Q

What is the average life expectancy for Indigenous, Inuit and Metis

A
  • on average they are much lower to the common population of Canada
260
Q

What is the infant mortality rate in high density inuit populations?

A
  • 3.9 times higher
261
Q

What are the leading causes in infant mortality in inuit populations?

A
  • food insecurity
  • unemployment
262
Q

What is the most common cancer among first nations people?

A
  • colon, rectum, kidney, cervix and liver cancer and it is diagnosed at a higher rate compared to non indigenous or general canadian population
263
Q

What is the ratio of first nations being diagnosed of lung cancer?

A

1:7

264
Q

Where is the most smoking done? and why?

A
  • on reserve and bc they have easy access to tobacco as it is promoted
265
Q

What is tobacco viewed as in the first nations cultures?

A
  • sacred medicines
  • medicine for healing or giving thanks to the creator
266
Q

What are the 4 sacred medicines in first nations cultures

A
  • cedar
  • sage
  • tobacco
  • sweetgrass
267
Q

What are the uses of tobacco?

A
  • sales to provide an income for your family (on-reserve)
  • smoking it as a coping strategy for salient issues
  • loss of culture
268
Q

When was the Indian Act made

A

1886

269
Q

What is the Indian Act?

A

a person means an individual other than an Indian
- they had to wear a tag to differentiate them

270
Q

When did residential schools start and by who?

A
  • 1857
  • by the church
271
Q

When did the government of canada take over residential schools?

A
  • 1880
272
Q

What was bad at residential schools?

A
  • decline of nutrition
  • denied dental care
    -1:25 children dying in schools
    -the children died but experiments still continued
    -experimental mix of pablum caused more anemia and more deaths
273
Q

Who is Jordan Anderson

A

a guy that died in 2005, bc of federal and all governments on who to pay for him

274
Q

When was the last residential school closed

A

1996

275
Q

What is the jordan’s principle

A
  • put in effect in 2017
  • legal across all of canada
  • ensures equality and no gaps in publicly funded health social and educational programs services and support for First Nations children between the ages of 0-17
  • over 250 000 claim to this principle
276
Q

What are the odds of dying for children in Indian residential schools

A

1 in 25

277
Q

What are the odds of dying for canadians serving in WWII

A

1 in 26

278
Q

Who are metis people

A

-mixed first nation and european
- great political body
- sometimes people say ur metis when you trace your ancestory back to red river (louis riel)
- large community in ontario

279
Q

Who are Inuits people?

A
  • inuit means it includes land, water and ice
  • there is a growing population in ontario especially in ottawa and toronto
280
Q

What are the 4 indigenous health disparities

A
  1. suicide mortality: higher in areas with higher concentrations of indigenous peoples especially amongst areas with a larger number of inuit men.
  2. mental health
  3. chronic illness: higher rates of asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and obesity typically higher amongst first nations adults
  4. tuberculosis: inuit in canada have a TB rate that is 300 times higher than that of the rest of the country
281
Q

What is that stat of smoking on reserve and off reserve

A
  • 50% of first nations living on reserve or in community and 43% off reserve reported smoking cigs daily (20 years and older)
  • 22% dont
282
Q

Who smokes the most and how many on reserve and off reserve

A

20 to 29 year olds
- 67% on reserve and 48%

283
Q

A pattern of first nations with tobacco use

A

12-17 year olds 7 and 3 times higher in on reserve and off reserve youth

284
Q

What is the medicine wheel

A

its used by the Ojibway people to how to be healthy. living a healthy means to have a balance between spiritual, physical, emotional and health

285
Q

What is the infinity symbol and when was it invented?

A
  • represents strength and continuity of the metis nation
  • 1816
    IQ is the tribe name lol
286
Q

What does colonialism mean?

A
  • a practice if domination which involves the subjugation of one people to another
287
Q

What is the two row wampum?

A
  • contract and treaties
  • represents two distinct nations working together often the metaphor is the image of a canoe and a ship travelling side by side not interfering with each other but heading in the same direction
288
Q

What does the ojibway creation story say

A
  • the own people fight each other
  • the creator decided to purify the earth
  • made a flood killing everyone
  • only nanabush survived
  • turtle, hell driver, and loon tried to get land to make earth but failed
  • the muskarat got earth but died and the turtle grew the the earth on his back and the island is now north america
289
Q

Cree creation story

A
  • two people walking on clouds saw a black speck and found the black hole
    -the firt animal that goes down onto earth is the carbiou and the fisher helped him down
  • the bear teaches them everything they need to know in the world and thats why they call the bear the brother
290
Q

Inuit creation story

A
  • raven made the world in the waters with the beats of his wings and he had the powers of both a man and a bird and he couldd change by pulling a mask off
  • he created land and water with peapod plants and 5 days later a peapod burst open and a fully grown man came out
  • he supplied the man with raspberries and limited him to food so it doenst run out by planting things away
  • raven built a figure out of a clay which was a woman and gave him to the man saying its your companion
291
Q

What is the land

A
  • the air the water the earth the plants the animals and all animate and non animate things as spirits that occupy the place
292
Q

anishinabek means…

A

land

293
Q

where are social relationships formed

A

land

294
Q

what are direct disposession (environmental disposession)

A

mining and forestry

295
Q

what are indirect disposession (environmental disposessions)

A

residential schools, which erodes connection to the land and sharing of indigenous knowledge

296
Q

How many active physicians are there and what percent are male and female

A

86 092 43% female 57% male

297
Q

How many physicans practice in rural areas

A

8%

298
Q

How many of the medical school 2024 class is racialized and how many are first in family to attend medical school

A

55%
83%

Health Science 1100 (2 decks)

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