exam 13/05/24

Question 1

epithelial tissue

Answer 1

compared of tightly packed cells
protective barrier, regulates exchange of materials between the body and the external environment
crucial in organs like the skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract

Question 2

connective tissue

Answer 2

made up of cells dispersed within an extracellular matrix
provides support, structure and strength to various organs and tissues
essential for support of the musculoskeletal system, protecting organs and facilitating movement

Question 3

muscle tissue

Answer 3

composed of specialised cells called uncle fibers that contain contractile proteins
generates force and movement
lines the walls of internal organs. the digestive tract and blood vessels for example

Question 4

nervous tissue

Answer 4

composed of neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells called glial cells
transmits electrical signals and coordinates bodily functions
regulates various activities, such as movement, sensation, behaviour, physiological processes

Question 5

organs

Answer 5

composed of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and associated strutures
structures composed of two or more different types of tissue
examples include the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines, brain, eyes, and reproductive organs
each organ has a specific function necessary for overall horse health and survival

Question 6

cells

Answer 6

basic structural and functional units of life
examples include muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells, and blood cells
perform specific function based on their type

Question 7

tissues

Answer 7

groups of cells with similar structure and function
four main types : epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
form various structures like skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, and organs

Question 8

organ systems

Answer 8

groups of organs that perform complex physiological functions
includes the musculoskeleta system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system, and integumentary system

Question 9

apical surface

Answer 9

free or exposed surface of epithelial cell facing body cavity, lumen or external environment

Question 10

basal surface

Answer 10

attached to underlying connective tissue, forming the basement membrane

Question 11

simple epithelium

Answer 11

single layer of cells found in areas requiring diffusion, absorption, and filtration

Question 12

stratified epithelium

Answer 12

comprised multiple layers of cells for protection against mechanical stress and abrasion

Question 13

pseudo stratified epithelium

Answer 13

often ciliated, and involved in secretion and movement of mucous

Question 14

squamous epithelium

Answer 14

composed of flattened scale-like cells for diffusion and filtration

Question 15

cuboidal epithelium

Answer 15

composed of cube shaped cells involved in secretion and absorption

Question 16

cells found in the epidermis

Answer 16

keratinocytes
melanocytes
Merkel cells
basement membrane

Question 17

keratinocytes

Answer 17

most abundant cells in the epidermis
produce keratin, a fibrous protein for skin protection
undergo keratinisation process, losing nuclei and sloughing off dead skin cells

Question 18

melanocytes

Answer 18

specialised cells in the basal layer of the epidermis
produce melanin, a pigment determining skin colour and UV radiation protection
transfer melanin to nearby keratinocytes to absorb UV radiation and prevent DNA damage

Question 19

Merkel cells

Answer 19

specialised sensory cells in the basal layer of the epidermis
play a role in sensation of touch and pressure
form Merkel cell-neutrite complexes, transmitting sensory information to the nervous system

Question 20

basement membrane

Answer 20

specialised structure that seperates the epidermis from the underlying dermis
provides structural support, regulates nutrient and water exchange, and maintains skin barrier integrity

Question 21

things found in the dermis

Answer 21

blood vessels
hair follicles
collagen
elastin
oil and sweat glands

Question 22

dermis

Answer 22

a thick fibrous layer beneath the epidermis

Question 23

blood vessels in the dermis

Answer 23

network of blood vessels supplying nutrients, oxygen, water removal, and temperature regulation

Question 24

hair follicles in the dermis

Answer 24

structures producing hair, providing insulation, protection, and sensory perception

Question 25

collagen

Answer 25

main structural protein providing strength resilience and structure to the skin

Question 26

elastin

Answer 26

provides elasticity and flexibility to the skin, maintaining shape and integrity during movement

Question 27

oil and sweat glands

Answer 27

sebaceous glands secrete sebum, lubricating and waterproofing the skin and hair