exam

Question 1

Puritans’ views/opinions of Native Americans

Answer 1

Puritans arrived to America in 1629 and their religion affected their attitude toward natives. They considered them as inferior being because of their primitive lifestyle, but many thought they could be converted to Christianity.

Question 2

Puritans and their reason for coming to America

Answer 2

Puritans were members of a religious reform movement known as Puritanism. They believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible. As dissidents, they sought religious freedom and economic opportunities in distant lands. They also left to avoid religious persecution back in England.

Question 3

First Great Awakening

Answer 3

As stated in the definition, the first great awakening refers to a period of time in the mid 18th century marked by religious renewal. It was a time that saw a dramatic increase in preaching and church attendance, and religious and spiritual matters were brought to the forefront of American life, more so than they had been since before the enlightenment. People not only started to pay more attention to spiritual matters, particularly the Christian faith, but people also started to think about how these things played a role in their everyday lives. Also, emotion, more than reason, started to have a significant impact on people’s faith. Old lights did not appreciate all of the emotional fervor that went along with the Great Awakening, and they were ultimately against the Great Awakening movement. New lights, on the other hand, embraced the emotional aspects of the movement and were very much in support of it.

Question 4

French and Indian War (1754-63) and its causes/ results

Answer 4

The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War. The North American dispute was whether the upper Ohio River valley was a part of the British empire or part of the French Empire; the bigger question was which national culture would dominate the heart of North America. British settlers were the majority in the coveted area, but French exploration, trade, and Indian alliances predominated. In the Treaty of Paris, France lost all claims to Canada and gave Louisiana to Spain, while Britain received Spanish Florida, Upper Canada, and various French holdings overseas.

Question 5

Mercantilism and who benefited from it in the Colonies

Answer 5

it was based on the principle that the world’s wealth was static, and consequently, governments had to regulate trade to build their wealth and national power. they did this by maximizing their exports and limiting their imports. Expansionist benefited from mercantilism because Mercantilism advocated establishing more colonies to gain resources and assets to provide for the mother country.

Question 6

The Navigation Acts

Answer 6

Navigation Acts, declared that only English ships would be allowed to bring goods into England, and that the North American colonies could only export its commodities, such as tobacco and sugar, to England. This effectively prevented the colonies from trading with other European countries.

Question 7

Causes of American Revolution

Answer 7

The American Revolution was principally caused by colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies and to make them repay the crown for its defense of them during the French and Indian War (1754–63). Britain did this primarily by imposing a series of deeply unpopular laws and taxes, including the Sugar Act (1764), the Stamp Act (1765), and the so-called Intolerable Acts (1774). American won the war.

Question 8

Boston Tea Party and its results

Answer 8

Boston Tea Party. incident in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians. The Americans were protesting both a tax on tea (taxation without representation) and the perceived monopoly of the East India Company. The Boston Tea Party pushed Britain’s Parliament to assert its authority—and it passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774.

Question 9

Coercive (Intolerable) Act 1774

Answer 9

In response to colonial resistance to British rule during the winter of 1773–74, Parliament was determined to reassert its authority in America and passed four acts that were known as the Coercive Acts in Britain but were labeled the Intolerable Acts by the colonists. Because Boston had been the center of resistance, the acts targeted Boston and Massachusetts in particular. The four acts were (1) the Boston Port Bill, which closed Boston Harbor; (2) the Massachusetts Government Act, which replaced the elective local government with an appointive one and increased the powers of the military governor; (3) the Administration of Justice Act, which allowed British officials charged with capital offenses to be tried in another colony or in England; and (4) the Quartering Act, which permitted the requisition of unoccupied buildings to house British troops.

Question 10

Influence of the Enlightenment on the Founders

Answer 10

it is the fact that the Founders read John Locke and other enlightenment thinkers got ideas from them-such as Locke stating people have Natural Rights and the right to overthrow a government who does not respect those rights.

Question 11

Declaration of Independence

Answer 11

The Declaration of Independence, the founding document of the United States, was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain. It is important It gave America independence, put forth the idea that all men were created equal, and gave people the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Question 12

Shay’s Rebellion (1787)

Answer 12

Shays’ Rebellion was a series of violent attacks on courthouses and other government properties in Massachusetts that began in 1786 and led to a full-blown military confrontation in 1787. The rebels were mostly ex-Revolutionary War soldiers-turned farmers. they were aggrieved by excessive Massachusetts property taxes and penalties ranging from the foreclosure of their farms to lengthy prison terms. led to the creation of the U.S. Constitution.

Question 13

Hamilton and his Economic Plans (Bank and Tariff)

Answer 13

national bank- Hamilton argued that an American version of this institution could issue paper money , provide a safe place to keep public funds, offer banking facilities for commercial transactions, and act as the government’s fiscal agent, including collecting the government’s tax revenues and paying the government’s debts. Tariff- In order to promote manufacturing in the United States, Hamilton proposed that imported goods be more expensive, which would force Americans to buy more homemade products. He believed manufacturing business was the biggest engine for US’s economy. The tax on whiskey applied to all distilled spirits, but consumption of American whiskey was rapidly expanding in the late 18th century. Did this to generate revenue for the debt created during the revolutionary war.

Question 14

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 14

treaty was negotiated by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay and signed between the United States and Great Britain. Tensions between the two countries had increased since the end of the Revolutionary War over British military posts still located in America’s northwestern territory and British interference with American trade and shipping. Jay was only partially successful in getting Britain to meet America’s demands and opposition to the treaty in the United States was intense.

Question 15

XYZ Affair

Answer 15

The French were infuriated by Jay’s Treaty, believing it violated earlier treaties between the United States and France; as a result, they went on to seize a substantial number of American merchant ships. Pres. John Adams dispatched three ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a commercial agreement to protect U.S. shipping. In Paris the ministers were approached by three French agents who suggested a bribe of $250,000 to Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, and a loan of $10,000,000 to France as a prelude to negotiations. In April 1798 the machinations of the three French agents (called X, Y, and Z in the diplomatic correspondence) were made public in the United States. There was a great cry over the bribe solicitation, followed by preparations for war. A period of undeclared naval warfare ensued between France and the United States formal war was avoided.

Question 16

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Answer 16

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 were Democratic-Republican responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed earlier that same year by a Federalist-dominated Congress. The resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.

Question 17

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Answer 17

This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30’ latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory

Question 18

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Answer 18

Monroe Doctrine, U.S. foreign-policy statement first enunciated by Pres. James Monroe on Dec. 2, 1823, declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. Concerned that the European powers would attempt to restore Spain’s former colonies, he declared, inter alia, that any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S.

Question 19

Andrew Jackson and Jacksonian Democracy

Answer 19

Under Jackson-they eliminated many voting qualifications-meaning you no longer needed property to vote. Jackson saw himself as the Common Man and supported this idea.

Question 20

Spoils System

Answer 20

The Spoils System is when a victorious political party gives government jobs to its political supporters. The Spoils System differs in that the political party hires and fires down to the lowest levels of government service. Jobs that were usually apolitical, such as performing the basic work and administration of government, became rewards for supporting a political party instead of being career positions for civil servants based on merit.

Question 21

Indian Removal Act

Answer 21

The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

Question 22

Trail of Tears (1836)

Answer 22

During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west from southeast of the US by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march, which became known as the “Trail of Tears.”

Question 23

Tariff of Abominations and Nullification

Answer 23

The tariff sought to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports; however, the resulting tax on foreign goods would raise the cost of living in the South and would cut into the profits of New England’s industrialists. The nullification crisis was a conflict between the U.S. state of South Carolina and the federal government of the United States in 1832–33. It was driven by South Carolina politician John C. Calhoun, who opposed the federal imposition of the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and argued that the U.S. Constitution gave states the right to block the enforcement of a federal law. In November 1832 South Carolina adopted the Ordinance of Nullification, declaring the tariffs null, void, and nonbinding in the state. U.S. Pres. Andrew Jackson responded in December by issuing a proclamation that asserted the supremacy of the federal government.

Question 24

Cotton Gin and its effect on slavery

Answer 24

The gin made the production of cotton very fast by removing seeds from cotton fiber. Cotton growing became so profitable for enslavers that it greatly increased their demand for both land and enslaved labor.

Question 25

Dorothea Dix

Answer 25

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) was an author, teacher and reformer. she saw people with mental illnesses who had been treated inhumanely and neglectfully, and she became determined to improve conditions. Her efforts on behalf of the mentally ill and prisoners helped create dozens of new institutions across the United States and in Europe and changed people’s perceptions of these populations. Charged during the American Civil War with the administration of military hospitals, Dix also established a reputation as an advocate for the work of female nurses.

Question 26

Temperance Movement

Answer 26

the temperance movement, movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, compete abstinence in the use of intoxicating liquor. This era of the temperance movement was deeply rooted in strong Christian values and advocated abstinence from alcohol on moral grounds. temperance movement believed that if the working class could demonstrate an ability to behave responsibly and avoid drinking alcohol, they would be given the right to vote.

Question 27

Abolitions plans (Gradual vs. Immediate)

Answer 27

Immediate abolition- advocates were William Lloyd grass ion and Frederick Douglass. The plan was to end slavery immoderately with political, social and economic equality. Criticism were that it might break up union, brought fear to whites who didn’t support slavery but didn’t want total equality either (blacks will take their jobs and are not my equals)

Gradual abolitions- people who didn’t agree with view of Garrison, Douglas. The plan was to not pass laws but instead to persuade southerners to free their slaves by own volition- by convincing them it was wrong. Or end slavery but no full equality for freed blacks. Criticism were that it as too slow, might not persuade them, no economic or social equality would prevent slaves from having jobs.

Question 28

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 28

William Lloyd Garrison, American journalistic crusader who published a newspaper, The Liberator and helped lead the successful abolitionist campaign against slavery in the United States. He was an untiring reformer who worked for women’s right to vote, civil rights, and prohibition, but he is best know for his “fierce opposition to slavery.” He led the moral crusade for abolition of slavery in the United States.

Question 29

Frederick Douglass

Answer 29

Frederick Douglass was a formerly enslaved man who became a prominent activist, author and public speaker. He became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862, he continued to push for equality and human rights until his death in 1895. He rose to fame with the 1845 publication of his first book The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written By Himself. He worked with people like garrison and Gerrit smith.

Question 30

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

Answer 30

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women’s rights convention in the United States. Held in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, the meeting launched the women’s suffrage movement. the Seneca Falls Convention fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women. The convention proceeded to discuss the 11 resolutions on women’s rights. All passed unanimously except for the ninth resolution, which demanded the right to vote for women.

Question 31

Manifest Destiny

Answer 31

Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in 1845, is the idea that the United States is destined—by God, its advocates believed—to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent. The philosophy drove 19th-century U.S. territorial expansion and was used to justify the forced removal of Native Americans and other groups from their homes.

Question 32

Reasons slavery ended in the north before the south

Answer 32

Because the climate and soil of the South were suitable for the cultivation of commercial (plantation) crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo, slavery developed in the southern colonies on a much larger scale than in the northern colonies. Most northerners did not doubt that black people were inferior to whites, but they did doubt the benevolence of slavery. The voices of Northern abolitionists, such as Boston editor and publisher William Lloyd Garrison, became increasingly violent. By the end of the American Revolution, slavery became largely unprofitable in the North and combination with the voice of abolitionist, the slavery died out before south.

Question 33

Mexican War and its results

Answer 33

The Mexican-American War was a conflict between the United States and Mexico, fought from April 1846 to February 1848. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which settled the Mexican-American War, the United States gained more than 500,000 square miles of land, expanding U.S. territory by about one-third. Mexico gave up nearly all the territory now included in the U.S. states of New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Texas, and western Colorado for $15 million and U.S. assumption of its citizens’ claims against Mexico. The war and treaty also extended the United States to the Pacific Ocean, and provided a bounty of ports, minerals, and natural resource.

Question 34

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Answer 34

Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which settled the Mexican-American War, the United States gained more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square km) of land, expanding U.S. territory by about one-third. Mexico ceded nearly all the territory now included in the U.S. states of New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Texas, and western Colorado for $15 million and U.S. assumption of its citizens’ claims against Mexico. The war and treaty also extended the United States to the Pacific Ocean, and provided a bounty of ports, minerals, and natural resources.

Question 35

Wilmot Proviso 1846

Answer 35

The Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. Although Wilmot’s Proviso failed by itself, it fueled volatile division and debate between the Northern and Southern states over slavery and ultimately made the Civil War more inevitable. It also spurred on the creation of the Republican Party.

Question 36

Compromise of 1850

Answer 36

The Compromise of 1850 was made up of five bills that attempted to resolve disputes over slavery in new territories added to the United States in the wake of the Mexican-American War (1846-48). It admitted California as a free state, left Utah and New Mexico to be decided by popular sovereignty in the admission of new states, established a boundary between Texas and the United States, and made it easier for slaveowners to recover runways under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

Question 37

Fugitive Slave Act

Answer 37

The Fugitive Slave Acts were a pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of runaway enslaved people within the territory of the United States. Enacted by Congress in 1793, the first Fugitive Slave Act authorized local governments to seize and return escapees to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight. Widespread resistance to the 1793 law led to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which added more provisions regarding runaways and levied even harsher punishments for interfering in their capture.

Question 38

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Answer 38

The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created Kansas and Nebraska, and allowed for popular sovereignty. Douglas introduced the bill intending to open up new lands to develop and facilitate the construction of a transcontinental railroad.

Question 39

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 39

Popular sovereignty is government based on consent of the people. The government’s source of authority is the people, and its power is not legitimate if it disregards the will of the people. Government established by free choice of the people is expected to serve the people, who have sovereignty, or supreme power.

Question 40

Uncle Tom’s Cabin and importance

Answer 40

Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in 1852. An abolitionist novel, it achieved wide popularity, particularly among white readers in the North, by vividly dramatizing the experience of slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was an immediate sensation and was taken up eagerly by abolitionists in the North, while, along with its author, it was vehemently denounced in the South, where reading or possessing the book became an extremely dangerous enterprise. Harriet Beecher Stowe shared ideas about the injustices of slavery, pushing back against dominant cultural beliefs about the physical and emotional capacities of black people. it encouraged others to speak out, further eroding the already precarious relations between northern and southern states and advancing the nation’s march toward Civil War.

Question 41

Republican Party and their beliefs (platform) in 1850s

Answer 41

The Republican Party is a political party in the United States. Founded in 1854 as a coalition opposing the extension of slavery into Western territories. The Republican goal was not to abolish slavery in the South right away, but rather to prevent its westward expansion, which they feared would lead to the domination of slaveholding interests in national politics. the Republican Party fought to protect the rights of African Americans after the Civil War.

Question 42

Dred Scot V Sanford (1857)

Answer 42

In 1846, after laboring and saving for years, the Scotts sought to buy their freedom from his master, but she refused. Dred Scott then sued Sanford in a state court, arguing that he was legally free because he and his family had lived in a territory where slavery was banned. The Dred Scott decision was the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling on March 6, 1857, that having lived in a free state and territory did not entitle an enslaved person to his freedom. the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. The Dred Scott Decision outraged abolitionists, who saw the Supreme Court’s ruling as a way to stop debate about slavery in the territories. It gave momentum to the anti-slavery movement and served as a stepping stone to the Civil War.

Question 43

Lincoln’s views on Slavery

Answer 43

he did not publicly call for emancipation throughout his entire life. Lincoln began his public career by claiming that he was “antislavery” – against slavery’s expansion, but not calling for immediate emancipation. However, he eventually issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in those states that were in rebellion. He vigorously supported the 13th Amendment which abolished slavery throughout the United States, and, in the last speech of his life, he recommended extending the vote to African Americans.

Question 44

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)

Answer 44

Abolitionist John Brown leads a small group on a raid against a federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), in an attempt to start an armed revolt of enslaved people and destroy the institution of slavery. Although the raid failed, it inflamed sectional tensions and raised the stakes for the 1860 presidential election. Brown was found guilty of murder and treason and was executed.

Question 45

Strengths and weaknesses of the Union and the South in the Civil War

Answer 45

Union strength-
Population of 22 million
Many people to grow food and work in factories
Factories to make supplies for the Union army
Railroads
Strong navy
weakness
Had to conquer a large area
Invading unfamiliar land

Confederacy
Strength
Defending their homeland
Did not want to lose their property, country, freedom
Good soldiers-excellent shooters
Former officers in the U.S. Army
Weakness
Few factories to produce weapons
Few railroads to move troops/supplies
Few supplies
Small population (9 million)
More than 1/3 of the population was enslaved
Poor navy

Question 46

Lincoln’s Wartime actions against dissenters (His suspension of the writ of Habeas Corpus and why he did this)

Answer 46

Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia to give military authorities the necessary power to silence dissenters and rebels. Under this order, commanders could arrest and detain individuals who were deemed threatening to military operations. Those arrested could be held without indictment or arraignment.

Question 47

Copperhead Democrats

Answer 47

Copperheadwere a faction of Democrats in the Union who opposed the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Nearly all Copperheads were Democrats, but most Northern Democrats were not Copperheads. Copperhead strength was mainly in the Midwest (Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois), where many families had Southern roots and where agrarian interests fostered resentment of the growing dominance of industrialists in the Republican Party and federal government.

Question 48

Border States and their importance

Answer 48

A border state are slave states that were slave states that did not secede from the Union; these were slave-holding states who did not support President Abraham Lincoln. However, they also believed in a strong federal union and remained a part of the United States, hoping to compromise.They were imporntat because contained significant deposits of mineral resources and were major agricultural areas producing both livestock and grain. Additionally, these states contained transportation and communication lines that were vital to the war for both sides.

Question 49

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

Answer 49

The Emancipation Proclamation was an edict issued by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederate states in rebellion against the Union. The document applied only to enslaved people in the Confederacy, and not to those in the border states that remained loyal to the Union.

Question 50

Why the South seceded in 1860

Answer 50

The differences between the Northern and Southern states were cultural, ideological, and political. Historically, Southern states were involved in agricultural production as the main source of their economy. Culturally, northern states had been founded on the principle of self-determination and the ability to change one’s social standing. Southern states, however, had been founded on the principle of maintaining one’s social standing. Southern states’ social hierarchy and economy had been constructed around the institution of slavery. The Northern states did not rely on slave labor for manufacturing but were highly dependent on southern cotton. In order for southern cotton to be profitable, southern plantations utilized slave labor. Southern states justified the institution of slavery as being part of their states’ rights, or the rights and powers reserved to the states under the Constitution. According to the U.S. Constitution, there are certain powers states retain the right to make laws and policies over; while other powers are left to the federal government to control. Southern states believed that the institution of slavery, which dealt with issues such as property and state economics, was an issue that fell under states’ rights. Southerners believed that their states’ rights had been challenged through a series of events in the 1850s. The Dred Scott decision and the results of the Election of 1860 had the most significant impact on the decision of Southern states to secede. While the ruling on the Dred Scott case was a victory for Southern slave states, it outraged Northern free states and resulted in increased tensions. Southern states feared that if the U.S. federal government was under the control of the Republican Party, states’ rights regarding the institution of slavery would be challenged, which happened when Lincoln won the election won 1860.