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1
Q

Mahlers object relations theory

A

Infants are psychologically merged with their mother

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2
Q

Kohuts self psychology

A

Humans have narcissistic needs that are satisfied by other people - self objects

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3
Q

Mirroring

A

Positive attention from others - needed to be balanced

Too much or too little can cause problems

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4
Q

There is an increasing interest in the idea that infant attachment patterns persist and influence ____ _____

A

Adult personality

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5
Q

Lifespan development theory that a crisis from infancy to late adulthood creates ‘ego strengths’ that influence ones ego identity

A

Erik Erickson

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6
Q

A theorist who suggested that pathological narcissism stems from inadequate childhood mirroring

A

Kohut

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7
Q

Insecure attachment seems to create a risk for ___

A

Depression

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8
Q

What theorist said ‘early recollections are the most trustworthy way of exploring personality because they often encapsulate a persons life them or script

A

Alfred Adler

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9
Q

What personality sees personality as intrinsically social

A

Psychosocial perspective

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10
Q

The need to be effective or successful in dealing with the environment

A

Competence motivation

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11
Q

The need to have an impact on the environment

A

Effectance motivation

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12
Q

The extent to which a person controls or inhibits impulses

A

Ego control

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13
Q

The overall sense of self that emerges from your transactions with social reality

A

Ego identity

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14
Q

The quality that becomes part of your personality through successful management of a crisis

A

Ego quality

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15
Q

The idea that an internal plan for future development is present at the beginning of life

A

Epigenesis

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16
Q

A feeling that you are deficient in some way

A

Feelings of inferiority

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17
Q

The idea that developmental processes continue throughout life

A

Life-span development

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18
Q

The giving of positive attention and supportiveness to someone

A

Mirroring

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19
Q

A sense of grandiose self-importance and entitlement

A

Narcissism

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20
Q

A story you compose for yourself about life to create a coherent sense of identity

A

Narrative

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21
Q

An individuals symbolised relations to other persons

A

Object relations

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22
Q

The use of play as a procedure for conducting therapy with children

A

Play therapy

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23
Q

In object relations theories the object refers to ___

A

A person

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24
Q

Many neoanalytic theories emphasised the ___ of the ___

A

Importance

Ego

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25
Q

A period in which an infant experiences fusion with the mother

A

Symbiosis

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26
Q 
People with ambivalent attachment report falling in love
. Is almost impossible
. Takes a lot of work
. Is easy and can happen at first sight
. Is a waste of time
A

Is easy and can happen at first sight

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27
Q

Unlike Freud, Erickson believed that personality development:
. Proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages for everyone
. Continues to evolve throughout life
. Is divided into the id, ego and superego

A

Continues to evolve throughout life

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28
Q

Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioural problems to difficulties in ___

A

Relationships

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29
Q

Who are dollard and Miller?

A

Behavioural theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviourist framework

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30
Q

Awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a sense of:

A

Angst

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31
Q

People who appear temperamental and ruthless are

A

Self-actualisers

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32
Q

According to Maslows hierarchy, the correct order of needs is

A 
Physiological
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-actualisation
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33
Q

People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically interesting. Such activities are said to be

A

Self-determined

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34
Q

In Rogers view, people have a strong need to experience ___, which is the respect, love and friendship of others

A

Positive regard

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35
Q

Why is modelling effective at producing behaviour change, according to Bandura?

A

The person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy

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36
Q

Which of the following is most important to assess the social-cognitive learning perspective?

A

Self-report measures

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37
Q

Occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person

A

Vicarious emotional arousal

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38
Q

Thorndikes law of effect

A

Behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

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39
Q

The term ‘instrument conditioning’ is often used interchangeably with the term…

A

Operant conditioning

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40
Q

Higher Oder conditioning

A

A CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning

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41
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Requires that the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively

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42
Q

Locus of control

A

The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

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43
Q

____’s social learning theory states that behaviour is determined by the way an individual and their personality reacts to his or her environment.

A

Rotter

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44
Q

Learning occurs when we observe other people and model their behaviour

A

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

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45
Q

Who is linked to observational learning, Bono dolls & social-cognitive theory

A

Bandura

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46
Q

Who developed ‘client-centered’ therapy?

A

Carl Rogers

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47
Q

What theorists believes..

An individual who comes in for therapy is not a patient but a client, who has the capacity to grow. The only way the client, which is based on respect and empathy

A

Carl Rogers

Humanistic theory

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48
Q

Which humanistic psychologist developed a pyramid representing hierarchy of human needs

A

Abraham Maslow

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49
Q

Existential psychology

A

A branch of humanistic psychology, that studies how individuals respond to the basic philosophical issues of life, such as death, meaning, freedom and isolation

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50
Q

When laypersons use the term personality, they generally refer to ___ whereas when personality psychologists use the term, they generally refer to ___

A

Specific traits of particular people

Abstract concepts about personality

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51
Q

A good personality theory should be

A

Testable

52
Q

_____ believed that temperament or personality was related to the relative balance of the four physical humours of the body: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm (sanguine, choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic

A

Hippocrates and Galen

53
Q

Classical conditioning requires

A

The organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively

54
Q

Before conditioning occurs, a(n) ____ produces a(n) ____

A

US

UR

55
Q

Conditioning occurs when a(n) ____ is paired with a(n)____

A

CS

US

56
Q

When the unconditional stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are paired frequently, the conditioned stimulus acquires the ability to:

A

Produce a conditioned response

57
Q

The ___ and the ___ will generally have the same pleasant or unpleasant qualities

A

UR

CR

58
Q

To be sure classical conditioning has occurred:

A

Present the CS without the US and see if a response occurs

59
Q

When a CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning. This is called:

A

Higher-order conditioning

60
Q

Cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy are often given a distinctive food before the chemotherapy. By doing this doctors can:

A

Prevent the conditioning of aversions to other foods

61
Q

Generalisation occurs when

A

A person responds similarly to slightly different stimuli

62
Q

A child who has been conditioned to fear dogs after having been knocked down by one begins to show the same fear around cats. This is an example of:

A

Generalisation

63
Q

After a CS has been conditioned to produce a CR, it is possible to substitute a different but similar CS which will produce the same CR. This is called

A

Generalisation

64
Q

In the context of conditioning, discrimination refers to responding

A

Differently to different stimuli

65
Q

When a CS is presented repeatedly without the US

A

Extinction occurs

66
Q

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

A

Reappearance of a CR after it has apparently disappeared

67
Q

Research pairing political slogans with positive, negative or neutral stimuli has suggested people’s liking for slogans could

A

Be either increased or decreased

68
Q

Conditioning in which the reflexive reactions elicit positive or negative feelings is called

A

Emotional conditioning

69
Q

___ helps to produce a persons likes and dislikes, preferences and biases

A

Emotional conditioning

70
Q

The term instrumental conditioning is often used interchangeably with the term ___

A

Operant conditioning

71
Q

True or false

Instrumental conditioning is active, whereas classical conditioning is passive

A

True

72
Q

Thorndikes law of effect states that

A

Behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

73
Q

Miller and Dollards habit hierarchy derived from

A

Prior conditioning

74
Q

In instrumental conditioning, a ____ is anything that strengthens a behavioural tendency

A

Reinforcer

75
Q

Primary reinforcers..

A

Reduce biological needs

76
Q 
In object relations theories, the 'object' refers to:
. intrinsic goals
. the ego
. a person
. lifelong patterns
A

a person

77
Q 
Many neoanalytic theories emphasised:
. that there is no merit to traditional Freudian ideas
. the importance of the superego
. sexual functioning
. the important of the ego
A

the important of the ego

78
Q 
According to Mahler, a child will experience \_\_\_ when the movement away from symbiosis occurs too quickly
. insecure attachment
. basic anxiety
. separation anxiety
. separation-individuation
A

separation anxiety

79
Q

People with ambivalent attachment report that falling in love:
. is almost impossible
. takes a lot of work
. is easy and can happen ‘at first sight’
. is a waste of time

A

is easy and can happen ‘at first sight’

80
Q

Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development:
. proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages that everyone experiences
. continues to evolve throughout life
. is divided into the id, ego and superego
. none of these options

A

continues to evolve throughout life

81
Q 
Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioural problems to difficulties in:
. resolving id-superego conflicts
. the development of a conscience
. relationships
. learning
A

relationships

82
Q

Classical conditioning requires
. a conditioned response to a certain class of stimuli
. the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively
. reinforcement of a specific response behaviour
. all of these options

A

the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively

83
Q 
When a CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning. This is called:
. secondary conditioning
. tertiary conditioning
. higher-order conditioning
. operant conditioning
A

higher-order conditioning

84
Q 
The term 'instrumental conditioning' is often used interchangeably with the term:
. classical conditioning
. pavlovian conditioning
. operant conditioning
. classical learning
A

operant conditioning

85
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect states that:
. people learn more efficiently than rats
. learning cannot occur in a single trial
. learning is quickly forgotten if the relevant situation is not re-experienced
. behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

A

behaviours followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

86
Q

Vicarious emotional arousal:
. occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person
. occurs when you feel guilty for an imagined transgression
. is the same as sympathy
. none of these options

A

occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person

87
Q 
Which of the following is most important to assessment from the social-cognitive learning perspective?
. behavioural observation
. measures of generalised tendencies
. self-report measures
. objective definitions of situations
A

self-report measures

88
Q

Why is modelling effective at producing behaviour change, according to Bandura?
. the model receives rewards
. the person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy
. the person is learning needed skills
. the person is exposed to what he/she fears

A

the person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy

89
Q 
In Roger's view, people have a strong need to experience \_\_\_\_, which is the respect, love and friendship of others.
. positive reinforcement
. conditional acceptance
. positive regard
. expectancies worth
A

positive regard

90
Q

Conditions of worth and conditional regard have the effect of:
. making people depressed
. making people anxious
. altering behaviour to fit in with the desires of others
. facilitating a persons goal of self-actualisation

A

altering behaviour to fit in with the desires of others

91
Q 
People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically interesting. Such activities are said to be:
. self-determined
. self-rationalised
. self-actualised
. explicitly motivated
A

self-determined

92
Q

According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the correct order of needs, beginning with the most basic is:
. physiological - love - safety - esteem - self-actualisation
. physiological - esteem - safety - love - self-actualisation
. physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation
. physiological - safety - esteem - love - self-actualisation

A

physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualisation

93
Q

self-actualisers tend to:
. appreciate results rather than the process of doing things
. form deep ties with many people
. at times appear temperamental and ruthless
. all of these options

A

at times appear temperamental and ruthless

94
Q 
According to existential psychologists, awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a sense of:
. reactance
. angst
. existential guilt
. wish fulfillment
A

angst

95
Q

One assumption of the cognitive perspective is that:
. all decisions are unconscious
. all decisions are conscious
. most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious
. most decisions are conscious, but some are unconscious

A

most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious

96
Q 
Kelly viewed people as implicit
. scientists
. artists
. altruists
. all of these options
A

scientists

97
Q

One consequence of the use of a schema is:
. easier coding of new material
. improved memory for randomly selected details
. improved reading ability
. greater intelligence

A

easier coding of new material

98
Q

A self-schema:
. makes it easier to remember things consistent with it
. is small, simple and efficient
. has fewer emotional elements than other schema
. all of these options

A

makes it easier to remember things consistent with it

99
Q 
The process of judging the cause of an event is called:
. attribution
. construal
. primary appraisal
. secondary appraisal
A

attribution

100
Q 
Dual-process researchers talk about people having:
. automatic and implicit knowledge
. implicit and explicit knowledge
. certain and uncertain knowledge
. all of these options
A

implicit and explicit knowledge

101
Q 
To assess the conditions and emotions that accompany a wide range of naturally-occurring events, the best cognitive assessment technique would be:
. think-aloud protocols
. retrospective thought listing 
. experience sampling
. reconstructive thought protocols
A

experience sampling

102
Q

Which of the following criticisms has been levelled at the cognitive approach to personality?
. it has generated very little empirical research
. it is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong
. it is too rooted in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
. all of these options

A

it is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong

103
Q

In order to obtain a full account of psychological individuality, the personality psychologist needs to:
. examine the persona patterning of dispositional traits
. characteristic adaptions
. integrative life stories
. all of these options

A

all of these options

104
Q 
In the paradigmatic mode, we look for \_\_\_ relationships
. cause and effect
. personal
. impersonal
. educational
A

cause and effect

105
Q 
Which of the following is not an example of good narrative form?
. coherence
. credibility
. openness
. conflict
A

conflict

106
Q

What is causation?

A

Action A causes outcome B

107
Q

What is correlation?

A

a relationship

108
Q

To be sure classical conditioning has occurred
. present the CS without the US and see if a response occurs
. check for the similarity between the CR and the UR
. Ask the subject if they remember the US
. none of the above

A

present the CS without the US and see if a response occurs

109
Q 
In the context of conditioning, discrimination refers to responding?
. similarly to different stimuli
. differently to different stimuli
. similarly to similar stimuli
. differently to similar stimuli
A

differently to similar stimuli

110
Q

Personality

A

patterns of feelings, thoughts and behaviour that set people apart from one another

111
Q

psychoanalysis

A

founded by freud, emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts as determinants of human behaviour

112
Q

ID

A

Psychoanalytic theory

unconscious, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

113
Q

Ego

A

Psychoanalytic theory

conscious, controls behaviour

114
Q

Superego

A

psychoanalytic theory

moral side, provides standards for judgements

115
Q

stages of psychosexual development - Freud

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
116
Q

collective unconscious

A

store of human concepts

117
Q

introversion

A

a tendency for a person to turn inwards

118
Q

Psychoanalytic approach (genetics)

A

unconscious mind is responsible for important differences in behaviour styles

119
Q

Trait approach (genetics)

A

An individual lies along a continuum of various personality characteristics

120
Q

Biological approach (genetic)

A

Inherited predispositions and physiological processes contribute to differences in personality

121
Q

Humanistic approach (environment)

A

Personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance cause differences in personality

122
Q

Behavioural/Social learning approach (environment)

A

consistent behaviour patterns are the result of conditioning and expectations

123
Q

Cognitive approach (environment)

A

People process information to explain differences in behaviour

124
Q

Individualistic cultures

A

.emphasize on individual needs and accomplishments

. perceive themselves as independent and unique

125
Q

Collectivist cultures

A

.emphasize on belonging to a larger group

. family, nation very important

Psych Of Personality (2 decks)

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