Exam 1 What is red in a lecture Flashcards
Lecture 1
What is the big idea of receptors?
Binding
High affinity (low amount of drug)
Low amount of drug
Slower ending of effect
Binding has an effect
If a drug is an agonist it activates the receptor
Lecture 1
What is the dissociation constant? (Kd)
Dissociation constant, measure of affinity/
potency. (Also is a ratio of the off rate of receptor binding to the on rate.)
Lecture 1
Heart: β agonists increase heart rate & force of contraction. How do they do it?
G-protein mediated signal transduction, a kinase activation
Lecture 1
Lungs: β agonists relax smooth muscle and dilate bronchioles instead of increasing contraction. How do they do it?
A kinase inhibition
Lecture 2
How do antagonists influence a graph of an agonist?
Bind & don’t activate receptor
Flat dose-response curve by themselves
Shift (to the right) the dose-response curve of an agonist
Lecture 2
True or false:
Some receptors may shift from active to inactive states without drugs
true
Lecture 2
When is ED50 lower than Kd?
When spare receptors are present…? Only need to activate a fraction of them to get maximal response
Lecture 3
Effect of a drug depends on…?
concentration
[Drug] = Drug (g)/Volume(l)
Lecture 3
What should you not give in an intravenous injection?
Don’t give oils, suspensions IV
Lecture 3
what is the importance of Apparent volume of distribution = Vd?
not only need to know g and mg but the volume as well to understand
where drug is going to be found and in what concentration has to be measured for you
Lecture 5
When does a drug maintain a steady state?
What should you know about dosing in a steady state?
After the drug reaches an equilibrium of uptake vs elimination it maintains a steady state concentration
Increases in dosing rate lead to a proportional increase in steady state plasma concentration
Lecture 6
name an acidic and basic drug
ampicillin and atropine
Lecture 6
What doe sp-glycoprotein remove and transport?
ivermectin and digoxin
Lecture 6
How much variation can happen?
a 9 fold
Lecture 7
true or false:
if the variability is large, even safe drugs become dangerous
true
Lecture 7
what happens in a type 1 allergic response?
Type I (anaphylaxis-atopy)
IgEs → mast cells, basophils
Lecture 8
What acetaminophen toxicity does and does not depend on
Depends on alkylation of macromolecules
Does not depend on receptor-mediated inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)
Lecture 9&10
Effects on drug metabolism/excretion…
Not clinically relevant within species with less toxic drugs
Lecture 9&10
Steady state levels are…
Proportional to dosage & inversely proportional to dose interval
Proportional to bioavailability (F) & inversely proportional to clearance (CL)
Lecture 9&10
true or false
Liver disease often decreases drug metabolism (decreased CL)
true
Lecture 9&10
How much liver damage is needed to affect drug metabolism?
Rule of thumb: Need extreme liver damage (> 80%) to overwhelm liver metabolism of drugs. But no routine test is available to test liver metabolism of drugs.
Lecture 9&10
Drugs & metabolites go out into urine at glomerulus… when will it not?
Those bound to albumin etc stay in blood
Nonpolar stay in body longer (accumulate in fat)!
Lecture 11
The most commonly used Px in exotic animal medicine
The most commonly used pharmaceutical agents used in exotic animal medicine
Antimicrobial agents: covered at end of course
Anesthetics and analgesics
Lecture 11
What is the chemical restraint for fish?
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)
Approved for use in fish
Local anesthetic that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in both PNS and CNS
Should be buffered (makes water acidic)
Eugenol (Clove oil)
Unknown mechanism of action
Narrow margin of safety
Lecture 11
What are some drug delivery options to amphibians?
Topical treatments are commonly used
Permeable skin; therefore goes systemic
Avoid irritating drugs
Baths
PO
Gavage feeding
Parenteral routes
SC
IM
ICe
Lecture 11
What are some chemical retraints for amphibians?
Isoflurane:
Inhalant (i.e. induction chamber)
More successful in toads than frogs
Aerating into water
Often not successful
Topical
Gel applied to skin
3 parts KY jelly
3 parts Isoflurane
1 part water
Lecture 11
What are some drug deliveries to reptiles?
Topical
Inhalant
PO
Gavage feeding
Pharyngostomy tube
Parenteral routes
SC, IM, ICe, IV or IO
Lecture 11
What to know about the jugular vein in some birds and reptiles
Note: In many birds and some reptiles the right jugular vein is
larger than the left and is used preferentially
Lecture 11
ivermectin and chelonians
Ivermectin will kill them
lack p glycoprotein?
Lecture 11
What do you need to consider for exotics in hpothermia?
drug metabolism
Lecture 11
The renal portal system in exotics and drug metabolism
Clinical significance is controversial
Kidneys of nonmammalian animals have a venous portal system that can pass venous blood from the caudal half of the animal through the kidneys for excretion/secretion.
Smooth muscle valve within the external iliac vein at its junction with the efferent renal vein affects the amount of portal blood going to the kidneys.
Bird kidneys do not have a constant GFR like mammals
Lecture 11
What to be careful of in birds and subq and interscapular region? (the “scruff)
Interscapular
Avoid the cervicocephalic air sac
