Exam 1- Water Soluble Cont.

Question 1

Vitamin B6 is a coenzyme for

Answer 1

PLP pyridoxal phosophate

Required for amino acid and glycogen metabolism

Needed for synthesis of HEME, MYELIN SHEALTH, NIACIN

Question 2

What is the RDA of Vitamin B6

Answer 2

Adults 19-50= 1.3 mg

Men (>51)=1.7mg

Women (>51)= 1.5 mg

Synthesized by bacteria in LI

Question 3

Where has the highest bioavailability for Vitamin B6

Answer 3

ANIMALS

Question 4

What are the signs of vitamin B6 deficiency

Answer 4

Dermatologic- glossitis, cheilosis, stomatitis

Neurologic- fatigue, peripheral neuropathy

Question 5

Who is at risk for vitamin B6 deficiency

Answer 5

People taking isoniazid aka tuberculosis drug

Celiac disease

Renal dialysis

THIS IS RARE

Question 6

What is the tolerable upper intake of Vitamin B6

Answer 6

100mg/day

Side effects, peripheral neuropathy, nerve damage

Question 7

Folate is also called

Answer 7

Pteryoylmonoglutamic acid

Aka B9

Question 8

True or false

Folic acid needs to be digested when taken in the supplement form

Answer 8

False

Oxidized form in supplements

Question 9

How is glutamic acid residues of folate removed?

Answer 9

Via Conjugase (Zn-dependent enzyme)

Question 10

What are conjugase inhibitors

Answer 10

Legumes, oranges, cabbage, chronic alcohol

Question 11

Where is folate 80% absorbed

Answer 11

In the SI reduced by enterocytes

Then THF to the liver and blood, 50% of it stored in the liver

Question 12

Folate is a coenzyme for

Answer 12

Tetrahydrofolate, THF or FH4

Important in embryogenesis

Question 13

What is needed so that THF can be regenerated

Answer 13

B12

Question 14

What is the RDA for folate

Answer 14

400 micrograms

50-90% lost during storage and cooking

Question 15

What is megaloblastic macrocyclic anemia

Answer 15

Folate deficiency

Common in US

Occurs within 1 month of low folate diet

Large RBC due to inadequate DNA synthesis

Also occurs with B12 deficiency

Question 16

What are symptoms of megaloblastic macrocyclic anemia

Answer 16

Fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath, palpitations

Question 17

Neural tube defects can result in

Answer 17

Folate deficiency

Supplementation can reduce risk 70%

Question 18

What gene -nutrient interactions cause autism

Answer 18

5,10 methylene THF

Aka MTHFR

Question 19

Patients with677TT polymorphism have increased risk of

Answer 19

Cancers, migraine, hypertension,

They need more folate through diet

Question 20

What is the tolerable upper intake of folate

Answer 20

1mg

High doses may

1. mask B12 deficiency
2. Bind with zinc in the GI tract, causing zinc deficiency

Question 21

Vitamin B12 is also called

Answer 21

Cobalamins

Question 22

What condition result in too much HCL resulting in decrease B12 absorption

Answer 22

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Question 23

What is when not enough HCL. Is present decreasing absorption of B12

Answer 23

Medications for GERD

Question 24

Not enough protease to release b12 from R proteins is called

Answer 24

Pancreatic insufficiency

Question 25

50% of B12 is absorbed in

Answer 25

The ileum, b12 released in enterocyte. It is bound to TRANSCOBALAMINS

Question 26

Where is B12 stored

Answer 26

Bone 50% in liver Brain Muscle

Question 27

What coenzyme of B12 is part of myelination

Answer 27

Methylcobalamin

Question 28

What is the coenzyme for threonine and isoleucine metabolism or metabolism of odd chain fatty acids for B12

Answer 28

Adenosylocobalamin

Question 29

What is the RDA for B12

Answer 29

Adults 2.4 ug 33% loss from cooking ``` Sources Shellfish Meats Poultry Fish Dairy Fortified cereals ```

Question 30

Megaloblastic macrocyclic anemia is also associated with B12 and symptoms include

Answer 30

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

Question 31

What is pernicious anemia

Answer 31

Type of megaloblastic anemia Autoimmune condition attacking gastric parietal and mucosal cells Treat with B12 injections