Exam 1 Tophat Questions

Question 1

What cells produce antibodies?

Answer 1

Plasma cells

Question 2

What are 4 characteristics of innate immunity?

Answer 2

1. Rapid response
2. It is enhanced by adaptive immunity
3. Recognizes PAMPs
4. Cytokines

Question 3

What are the 2 major types of immunity produced by the adaptive immune system?

Answer 3

Humoral and cell-mediated

Question 4

Neutrophils and sentinel cells are part of the _____ immune system.

Answer 4

innate

Question 5

What is the function of a CD4+ TH cell?

Answer 5

Secretes cytokines

Question 6

T/F: Antibiotics are a type of antibody.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What are protein messenger molecules made by cells that influence the immune response by their effects on other cells?

Answer 7

Cytokines

Question 8

Which WBC is first to arrive at a bacterial infection and has a half-life of 8-12 hours in the blood?

Answer 8

Neutrophil

Question 9

Complement proteins are always present in the blood stream and are a part of _____ immunity.

Answer 9

innate

Question 10

What does the terminal pathway of complement activation result in the formation of?

Answer 10

Membrane attack complex (MAC) which damages the cell membrane by forming a pore

Question 11

What cell originates in the bone marrow, has a polymorphonuclear pattern, contains granules, is especially important in defense against extracellular bacterial infections, and circulates in the blood stream in relatively high numbers all the time?

Answer 11

Neutrophil

Question 12

What are selectins and integrins, in general?

Answer 12

cell-surface adhesion proteins

Question 13

You would expect an animal that is being treated with glucocorticoids and shipped to a new location to have _____ neutrophil function and _____ risk of bacterial infection.

Answer 13

decreased; increased

Question 14

Granulocytes that are most commonly important in defense against helminthic parasites and often have increased numbers in the blood stream during a parasitic infection are _____.

Answer 14

eosinophils

Question 15

A _____ at a site of infection is a monocyte that has gone into the tissues.

Answer 15

macrophage

Question 16

Acute inflammation is defined by the accumulation of what cell type?

Answer 16

neutrophil

Question 17

What is the name of the macrophage in the liver sinusoids that is important for trapping and removing bacteria that enters the portal venous system from the GI tract?

Answer 17

Kupffer cell

Question 18

What 3 central roles do macrophages play in the immune system?

Answer 18

1. Sentinel cell response
2. Antigen presentation on MHC II
3. Phagocytosis

Question 19

What are the 3 types of sentinel cells?

Answer 19

1. Dendritic cells
2. Mast cells
3. Macrophages

Question 20

What is the name given to the group of cytokines that can enhance innate immune responses and alert the adaptive immune system to respond?

Answer 20

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 21

A puppy was lethargic and had a low grade fever the day after it was given its first set of vaccinations. The owner reported that the puppy was acting better on the second day and was totally normal on the third day. What is the most likely explanation for the puppy’s clinical signs?

Answer 21

There were moderate levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by the vaccinations.

Question 22

What domains of the antibody molecule form the antigen-binding site on an IgG molecule?

Answer 22

variable heavy and light domains

Question 23

Which portion of the antibody molecule dictates biological functions like complement fixation, opsonization, and binding to mast cells?

Answer 23

the Fc portion

Question 24

Which isotype of antibody is the predominant isotype in a serum sample?

Answer 24

IgG

Question 25

Which isotype of antibody is the first one produced in a primary immune response?

Answer 25

IgM

Question 26

Which isotype of antibody is the predominant isotype on mucosal surfaces?

Answer 26

IgA

Question 27

Which isotype of antibody is found bound to mast cells and plays an important role in defense against parasites?

Answer 27

IgE

Question 28

Tetanus causes disease by producing a toxin. Vaccination of animals with inactivated toxin (toxoid) results in antibody that protects the animal from disease. The function of the tetanus antibody is best described as _____.

Answer 28

neutralization

Question 29

What cell type can directly recognize a specific epitope on an intact bacterium?

Answer 29

B cell

Question 30

T/F: MHC1 molecules are found on the surface of all nucleated cells.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Which cell can directly recognize a specific protein epitope in an MHC2 molecule on the surface of a dendritic cell?

Answer 31

CD4 T cell

Question 32

An extracellular bacterium whose peptides are presented on MHC2 molecules was processed by an antigen-presenting cell via which pathway of antigen processing and presentation?

Answer 32

exogenous pathway

Question 33

T/F: An advantage of a modified live viral vaccine over a typical killed vaccine is that the peptides of the MLV vaccine will be presented on both MHC1 and MHC2 and therefore stimulate helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

In blood transfusions we worry about the RBC antigens and we don't worry about MHC. Why is that?

Answer 34

RBCs don't have MHC1 or MHC2 molecules because they are not nucleated cells (in mammals).

Question 35

Following a first vaccination, in general, how long will it take before you would expect the animal to have a measurable immune response?

Answer 35

7-10 days

Question 36

T/F: Immunologic memory is induced on exposure to antigen and immunologic memory is why the immune system can respond more quickly and efficiently to the antigen on subsequent exposure.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is tolerance?

Answer 37

Term used to describe the state when the immune system is unresponsive to an antigen, e.g. a properly functioning immune system does not attack self-antigens.