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Biomechanics > Exam 1 - Tissue Mechanics > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Tissue Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

local shape change under the effect of applied forces

A

deformation

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2
Q

when a structure is stretched longitudinally

A

tension

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3
Q

What bears tensile loads

A

annular fibers

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4
Q

Tensile forces occur in the IVD during _______ movements

A

rotational

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5
Q

mechanical failure that occurs first in the cartilaginous endplate = ?

A

nuclear herniation (Schmorl’s node)

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6
Q

Compressive loads in extension are transmitted through the facets, leading to _______ injuries

A

capsular

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7
Q

Compressive loads applied with torque around the long axis (rotation) can produce _______ tears in the annular fibers of the IVD.

A

circumferential

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8
Q

Compression + rotation = _______ _______

A

annular tear

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9
Q

_______ is a combination of compression and tension

A

bending

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10
Q

Fractures to long bones frequently occur due to _______

A

bending

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11
Q

Loads applied parallel to the surface of the structure will cause the structure to deform internally in an angular manner

A

shear

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12
Q

_______ bones are most at risk for fractures due to shear

A

cancellous

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13
Q

In the spine, the facet joints and the fibers of the annulus fibrosus _______ shear forces

A

resist

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14
Q

The _______ provides the MAJORITY of the torsional resistance

A

annulus

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15
Q

axial rotation can strain the annulus in torsion, but ordinarily the _______ joints will protect it

A

zygapophyseal

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16
Q

spiral fractures of long bones are another example of _______ _______ _______.

A

torsional load failure

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17
Q

The external force acting to deform the material; measures the intensity of the force

A

stress

18
Q

magnitude of deformation as a result of the applied stress/loading; a measure of the degree of deformation

A

strain

19
Q

In general, strain is _______ to stress and the relationship is a constant for a given material and a particular type of deformation

A

proportional

20
Q

the maximum stress a tissue can withstand without permanent deformation

A

strength

21
Q

stress at the yield point of a material beyond which permanent deformation will occur

A

yield strength

22
Q

the maximal stress that a material can withstand prior to the initiation of failure

A

ultimate strength

23
Q

the stress at which the material actually breaks or ruptures

A

failure strength

24
Q

force per unit area required to deform a material, represented by the steepness (slope) of the stress/strain curve

A

ductility

25
Q

_______ tissues fail a low stress but can withstand a large strain

A

ductile (pliant)

26
Q

_______ tissues can withstand high stress but fail with relatively low strain

A

brittle (stiff)

27
Q

the total energy required to cause material failure

A

toughness - it takes a lot of energy to rupture a tough material

28
Q

Toughness can be estimated by observing the _______ _______ under the stress/strain curve.

A

total area

29
Q

_______ is an example material of high strength, low ductility (brittle), low toughness

A

bone

30
Q

_______ is an example material of moderate strength and ductility, high toughness

A

tendon

31
Q

_______ is an example material of low strength, high ductility, and moderate toughness

A

ligament

32
Q

ability to return to the original shape when load is removed

A

elasticity

33
Q

point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation

A

yield point

34
Q

the nonlinear response of the material after the yield point - some degree of deformation will persist after removal of the stress

A

plastic region

35
Q

property of material to resist loads that produce shear or tensile forces

A

viscosity

36
Q

putty-like behavior: the linear deformation produced by tensile stress remains even after the stress is removed

A

viscous stretch

37
Q

name for when a material shows both properties of viscosity and elasticity

A

viscoelasticity

38
Q

Viscoelastic structures will show what three time dependent loading characteristics?

A

Creep, hysteresis, relaxation

39
Q

continued deformation over time when constantly loaded; due to expulsion of water

A

creep

40
Q

the corresponding eventual decrease in stress that will occur as fluid is no longer exuded

A

relaxation

41
Q

energy loss exhibited by viscoelastic materials when they are subjected to loading and unloading cycles

A

hysteresis

42
Q

Term for normal range of motion

A

toe region

Biomechanics (4 decks)

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