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Biomechanics > Exam 1 - Biomechanics Basics and Terminology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Biomechanics Basics and Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanics

A

the study of forces and their effects

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2
Q

Kinematics

A

Branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the motion of objects (displacement, acceleration, velocity)

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3
Q

Kinetics

A

the study of relationships between the force system acting on the body and the changes it produces in body motion

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4
Q

Biomechanics

A

uses principles of mechanics for solving problems related to structure and function of biologic and physiologic systems

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5
Q

objective of biomechanics

A

to understand the loading condition of tissues and their mechanical responses

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6
Q

Scalars involve _______ only.

A

magnitude

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7
Q

examples of scalars

A

temperature, distance, speed, mass

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8
Q

Vectors involve _______ and ________.

A

magnitude and direction

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9
Q

examples of vectors

A

displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force

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10
Q

Vectors are geographically represented by _______.

A

arrows

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11
Q

Distance is a _______ quantity.

A

scalar

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12
Q

Displacement is a _______ quantity.

A

vector

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13
Q

“How much ground an object has covered” during its motion.

A

distance

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14
Q

“How far out of place an object is” / overall change in position

A

displacement

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15
Q

Speed is a _______ quantity.

A

scalar

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16
Q

Velocity is a _______ quantity.

A

vector

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17
Q

formula for speed

A

distance/time

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18
Q

speed is ignorant of _______.

A

direction

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19
Q

Speed can be _______ or _______.

A

instantaneous or average

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20
Q

“how fast an object is moving”

A

speed

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21
Q

rate at which an object covers distance

A

speed

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22
Q

formula for velocity

A

displacement/time

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23
Q

Velocity is _______ aware.

A

direction

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24
Q

“the rate at which an object changes its position”

A

velocity

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25
Q

to maximize velocity, must maximize amount _______ from original position

A

displaced

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26
Q

the rate at which an object changes its velocity

A

acceleration

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27
Q

formula for acceleration

A

change in velocity/time

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28
Q

_______ has to do with changing how fast an object is moving.

A

acceleration

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29
Q

if an object is not changing its _______, then the object is not accelerating.

A

velocity

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30
Q

Acceleration is a _______ quantity.

A

vector

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31
Q

The direction of the acceleration vector depends on two things:

A

Whether the object is speeding up or slowing down

Whether the object is moving in the + or - direction

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32
Q

Mass is a _______ quantity.

A

scalar

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33
Q

Momentum is a _______ quantity.

A

vector

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34
Q

_______ refers to the amount of substance within an object.

A

mass

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35
Q

Because _______ has direction, it can be used to predict the resulting direction of objects after they collide, as well as their speeds.

A

momentum

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36
Q

quantity of matter composing an object

A

mass

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37
Q

grams or kilograms are examples of _______.

A

mass

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38
Q

mass is often confused with _______.

A

weight (involves force)

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39
Q

formula for momentum

A

p = m * v

40
Q

doubling the mass without changing the velocity of an object results in a _______ of the momentum

A

doubling

41
Q

_______ is an action (push/pull) upon a body causing it to deform or move

A

force

42
Q

force is measured in _______

A

Newtons (N)

43
Q

force is a _______ quantity.

A

vector

44
Q

One _______ is the amount of force required to give a 1kg mass an acceleration of 1m/s2 (squared)

A

Newton

45
Q

The _______ of an object is the force of gravity acting upon that object

A

weight

46
Q

The _______ of an object refers to the amount of matter that is contained by the object.

A

mass

47
Q

Convert 10 Newtons to Pounds.

A

10 Newton = 1 Kilogram = 2.2 Pounds

48
Q

Weight is _______ on the poles of the earth.

A

higher, objects are closer to the center of the earth’s mass

49
Q

formula for force

A

force = mass * acceleration

50
Q

According to Panjabi & White, how many Newtons of force are required for 1mm of posterior to anterior shear?

A

260 Newtons

51
Q

resistance to having it’s state of motion changed application of a force

A

inertia

52
Q

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

A

Newton’s first law

53
Q

AKA for Newton’s first law

A

Law of Inertia

54
Q

The acceleration of an object depend directly upon the net force acting upon the object and inversely up the mass of the object

A

Newton’s second law

55
Q

AKA for Newton’s second law

A

Law of Force and Acceleration

56
Q

According to Newton’s second law, if the state of motion of the system changes, then a _______ must have been applied.

A

force

57
Q

According to Newton’s second law, if the state of motion of the system changes, then a force must have been applied. The observed change is motion is called _______.

A

acceleration

58
Q

formula for Newton’s second law

A

F = m * a

Same as the equation for force.

59
Q

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

A

Newton’s third law

60
Q

AKA for Newton’s third law

A

Law of Action and Reaction

61
Q

_______ is the force that resists the sliding of two objects in contact.

A

friction

62
Q

_______ stress: the intensity of force perpendicular to the surface on which it acts

A

normal stress

63
Q

_______ stress: the intensity of force parallel to the surface on which it acts

A

shear stress

64
Q

_______ _______: exists when two contacting surfaces are not currently sliding relative to each other but do possess the potential for movement

A

static friction

65
Q

_______ _______: type of friction that exists when the two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other

A

kinetic friction

66
Q

AKA for kinetic friction

A

dynamic friction

67
Q

forces that elongate or pull things apart

A

tensile forces

68
Q

forces that compact an object

A

compressive forces

69
Q

_______ is the magnitude of applied force acting over a given area (P=F/A)

A

pressure

70
Q

pressure is measured in

A

Newtons/meter2 (squared) or pascals (Pa)

71
Q

1 Pa = ?

A

1 N/m2

72
Q

_______ is the displacement of an object by the application of a force

A

work

73
Q

formula for work

A

Force x Distance

74
Q

work can be _______ or _______

A

positive or negative

75
Q

The energy an object possess due to motion

A

kinetic energy

76
Q

_______ motion is the motion of one object with respect to a reference object.

A

relative motion

77
Q

What are the 4 categories of movement?

A

discrete, continuous, repeated discrete, serial

78
Q

What category of movement has a definite beginning and end point?

A

discrete

79
Q

What category of movement has cycles of motion performed repeatedly with no well-defined beginning or end points?

A

continuous

80
Q

What category of movement appears continuous but at the end of a stroke the body is not in a position to perform the next stroke?

A

repeated discrete

81
Q

What category of movement appears to be somewhat continuous in nature but are really a combination of discrete motions?

A

serial

82
Q

_______ movements result from major muscle group activity involving large muscles

A

gross

83
Q

_______ movements are precise and controlled by small muscle groups or individuals

A

fine

84
Q

the path of motion around a fixed axis and therefore in a circular path

A

angular motion

85
Q

time rate of change of angular position of a rotating body

A

angular velocity

86
Q

time rate of change of angular velocity of a rotating body

A

angular acceleration

87
Q

the point about which a body rotates

A

axis of rotation

88
Q

perpendicular distance from an axis of rotation to a line along which a force acts

A

lever arm, force arm, moment arm

89
Q

product of force and lever arm; the tendency of an eccentric (off center) force to rotate an object around an axis

A

torque

90
Q

fulcrum is between the effort and the load/resistance

A

type 1 lever

91
Q

load/resistance is between the fulcrum and effort

A

type 2 lever

92
Q

effort is between the fulcrum and the load/resistance

A

type 3 lever

93
Q

ratio of the motive force (effort) to a given resistive force

A

mechanical advantage

94
Q

formula for moment arm (M)

A

M = force * lever arm distance

95
Q

the point that represents the average location of a system’s mass

A

center of mass

96
Q

the point at which the force of gravity seems to be concentrated

A

center of gravity

Biomechanics (4 decks)

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