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Instrumentation and Monitors > Exam 1- through EKG lecture 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1- through EKG lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Circuit

A

collection of elements or elements and signals connected together for purposes of modifying input signals to obtain other desired signals or responses

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2
Q

Electric Current

A

flow of charges per unit time

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3
Q

Electric Voltage

A

potential difference measured between 2 points. Expression of potential energy required to move a charge of one coulomb from point A to point B

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4
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

V=IR

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5
Q

Ohm’s Law Corollary/Darcy’s Law

A

P(pressure)=Q(flow)R(resistance)

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6
Q

Voltage Analogs

A

Pressure P (dynes/cm2), temperature T (C), solute concentration C (mg/ml)

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7
Q

Current I(amperes) Analogs

A

Flow V (cm3/sec), Heat Flow q(Watts), solute flow Q(mg/min)

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8
Q

Frequency

A

1/Period(T)

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9
Q

Period

A

1/frequency (f)

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10
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

F=k(q1xq2/d^2), The greater the distance between the charges, the weaker the force

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11
Q

Power

A

P=IV

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12
Q

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

A

The sum of the voltage variations around a loop is 0.

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13
Q

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

A

The sum of all currents that converge on a node will be 0.

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14
Q

Parallel Resistance

A

1/R= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…

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15
Q

Series Resistance

A

R= R1+R2+R3…

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16
Q

Transducer

A

Converts one form of energy to another form

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17
Q

Wheatstone Bridge

A

V=0 when R1xR4=R2xR3

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18
Q

Capacitance

A

“compliance”- the ratio of change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential

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19
Q

Parallel Capacitance

A

C=C1+C2+C3

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20
Q

Inductors - Inertance

A

Measure of the pressure gradient in a fluid required to cause a change in flow rate with time

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21
Q

Series Inductance

A

Added together

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22
Q

Parallel Inductance

A

same formula as parallel resistance

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23
Q

Most circulatory systems

A

are parallel systems

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24
Q

I=V/R

A

Q=P/R

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25
Q

Open Circuit

A

No current flow

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26
Q

Current (capacitor)

A

decreases as time increases due to charge buildup on capacitor

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27
Q

Time Constant (capacitor)

A

Equals Resistance x Capacitance (RC)

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28
Q

Voltage

A

across the capacitor increases as time increases due to charge buildup on the capacitor

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29
Q

Current (inductor)

A

increases as time increases due to diminished impediment from the inductor

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30
Q

Time constant (inductor)

A

inductance/resistance (L/R)

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31
Q

Capacitive Reactance

A

Xc=1/2pifC, inversely proportional to frequency

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32
Q

Inductive Reactance

A

Xl=2pifL , directly proportional to frequency

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33
Q

Impedance

A

sum of resistance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance taking the phase contribution of each into account (Z)

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34
Q

High Pass Filter

A

output component chosen to be resistor rather than capacitor

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35
Q

American Heart Association Bandwidth

A

0.05-100.0 Hz

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36
Q

RMS Amplitude (root mean square)

A

the amplitude a DC signal would need in order to provide the same average power=(.707)peak amplitude

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37
Q

Peak Amplitude

A

the maximum amplitude in either the positive or negative half cycle

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38
Q

Peak to Peak Amplitude

A

twice the peak amplitude, includes positive and negative maxima

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39
Q

Average Amplitude

A

average amplitude for either half cycle= (.637) peak amplitude

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40
Q

Ohm’s Law Corollaries

A

P=QR (hydraulic/hemodynamic systems), T=qR (thermal systems), C=QR (concentration systems)

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41
Q

Current (I)

A

Amount of charge carriers moving through a circuit or circuit element per time, measured in Amperes

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42
Q

Voltage (V)

A

measure of electrical pressure needed to force charge carriers through a circuit or circuit element. Difference in electrical pressure measured across any elements that impede or resist flow of the charge carriers (measured in volts)

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43
Q

Resistance (R)

A

measure of the amount of impediment a circuit element provides to the flow of charge carriers (measured in ohms)

44
Q

Macroshock 1mA

A

threshold of perception

45
Q

Macroshock 5mA

A

maximum harmless current

46
Q

Macroshock 10-20 mA

A

“let go” current

47
Q

Macroshock 50 mA

A

pain, fainting, mechanical injury, cannot let go current

48
Q

Macroshock 100-300 mA

A

Vfib, respiration center remains intact

49
Q

Macroshock 6000 mA

A

sustained ventricular contraction, defibrillation, burns if current density is high enough

50
Q

Microshock 10 uA

A

recommended safe current limit for directly applied cardiac equipment

51
Q

Microshock 50uA

A

maximum fault condition for cardiac equipment

52
Q

Microshock 100uA

A

Ventricular fibrillation

53
Q

Electric shock

A

awareness of or a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body

54
Q

Burns

A

may be confused with pressure ischemia

55
Q

Macroshock

A

intact skin

56
Q

Microshock

A

vascular access, or myocardial lead wires

57
Q

Path of current

A

worst path is through heart or brain

58
Q

Current density

A

higher current densities may come from lower currents passing through smaller area

59
Q

Frequency

A

worst frequency is between 50 and 60 hz

60
Q

Small area of contact

A

electrical density burns

61
Q

45 C

A

temperatures at or above this may cause skin injury

62
Q

Class I

A

grounded

63
Q

Class II

A

insulated

64
Q

Class III

A

internal power source

65
Q

Radiation

A

Inverse square law: If distance is doubled, the energy density is quartered

66
Q

Type of laser used medically

A

Class 4

67
Q

O2 index of flammability for Polyvinylchloride

A

0.263, mean time to ignition: 3.06s

68
Q

O2 index of flammability for Silicone

A

0.189, mean time to ignition not tested

69
Q

O2 index of flammability for Red Rubber

A

0.176, mean time to ignition 33s

70
Q

CO2 Laser

A

any plastic or glass lens will work

71
Q

Nd:YAG laser

A

requires green filter

72
Q

Ar and Kr laser

A

requires amber/orange filter

73
Q

KTP:Nd:YAG laser

A

requires red filter

74
Q

Combustible gases

A

Halothane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Ethers

75
Q

Combustion supporting gases

A

O2, N2O, Air

76
Q

Combustion squelching gases

A

N2, CO2, He

77
Q

Ignition sources

A

Lasers, Hot filaments, sparks and arcs, gas compression

78
Q

Rule of Arrhenius

A

the rate of a reaction is doubled when the temperature of the initial mixture is raised by 10 C.

79
Q

Vigilance

A

Watchful, alert for danger

80
Q

Alarms and Priorities

A

Low (advisory)- one or 2 slow pulses, may repeat, requires awareness
Medium (caution)- 3 faster pulses, may repeat, requires prompt response
High (warning)-Ten rapid pulses, repeated pattern of 5, requires immediate response

81
Q

SpO2

A

Worst way to discover oxygen supply failure, since this drops last, may be up to 5 minutes after O2 supply failure starts

82
Q

Measured Value

A

True Value +(Systemic Error + Random Error)

83
Q

Systemic Errors

A

predictable and may be compensated by adding, subtracting or multiplying by a constant

84
Q

Random Errors

A

Unpredictable, averaging repeated measurements tend to reduce or eliminate random errors

85
Q

Accuracy

A

Closeness of agreement between the measured value and the true value (# correct/# total) x 100

86
Q

Percent Error

A

((True-measured)/true) x 100

87
Q

Percent Difference

A

((A-B)/((A+B)/2)) x 100

88
Q

Precision

A

the degree of consistency between repeated measurements of the same quantity = (measured-mean)/mean

89
Q

Reproducibility

A

the ability to maintain precision during long term use

90
Q

Sensitivity

A

the likelihood that when an event occurs, it will be detected (hit rate). = hits/(hits + misses)

91
Q

Specificity

A

the likelihood that when the situation is normal, no event will be indicated = correct rejections/(correct rejections + false alarms)

92
Q

Bland-Altman test

A

used to ascertain whether measurement techniques are interchangeable

93
Q

Drift

A

slow, low frequency component of the signal, lower frequency than the signal

94
Q

Rise Time

A

the time that it takes for the instrument to get from 10% to 90% of the complete response

95
Q

Noise

A

Unwanted signal that, depending upon the magnitude, may interfere with the measurement

96
Q

The greater the rise of the original waveform

A

the greater the number of harmonics needed to reproduce that waveform

97
Q

Fourier Analysis

A

A complex waveform can be resolved into the fundamental waveform and a series of harmonics

98
Q

Magnitude of the System response

A

output amplitude/input amplitude

99
Q

Phase of the system response

A

output phase-input phase

100
Q

Horizontal resolution

A

Sampling rate

101
Q

Vertical Resolution

A

discrimination between 2 different amplitudes

102
Q

Sampling Theorem

A

for a limited bandwidth signal with the maximum frequency fmax, the equally spaced sampling frequency fs must be greater than twice the maximum frenquency fmax: fs>2*fmax

103
Q

Aliasing

A

Under-sampling causes frequency components that are higher than half of the sampling frequency to overlap with the lower frequency components. As a result the higher frequency components roll into the reconstructed signal and cause distortion of the signal

104
Q

Nyquist Sampling Rate

A

2 * fmax

105
Q

Nyquist frequency

A

fmax, half of nyquist sampling rate

Instrumentation and Monitors (2 decks)

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