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adolescent development > exam 1 textbook terms > Flashcards

exam 1 textbook terms Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

the system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones

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2
Q

hormones

A

highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands

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3
Q

glands

A

organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones

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4
Q

GnRH neurons

A

specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones

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5
Q

set point

A

a physiological level or setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system

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6
Q

feedback loop

A

a cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads

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7
Q

pituitary gland

A

one of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

a part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland

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9
Q

gonads

A

the glands that secrete sex hormons, in males the testes in females the ovaries

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10
Q

androgens

A

a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among males than females following puberty

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11
Q

estrogens

A

a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty

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12
Q

HPG axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal - the neurophysical pathway that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads

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13
Q

adrenarche

A

the maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence

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14
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone produced when a person is exposed to stress

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15
Q

kisspeptin

A

a brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty

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16
Q

leptin

A

a protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin

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17
Q

melatonin

A

a hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness and that triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin

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18
Q

adolescent growth spurt

A

the dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during pubety

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19
Q

peak height velocity

A

the point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly

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20
Q

epiphysis

A

the closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after adolescent growth spurt has been completed

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21
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice

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22
Q

tanner stages

A

a widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development

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23
Q

menarche

A

the time of first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty

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24
Q

pheromones

A

a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species

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25
Q

secular trend

A

the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in status and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition

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26
Q

cross-sectional study

A

a study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time

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27
Q

longitudinal study

A

a study that follows the same group of individuals over time

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28
Q

delayed phase preference

A

a pattern of sleep charcterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty

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29
Q

basal metabolism rate

A

the minimal amount of energy used by the body during the resting stage

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30
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

a measure of an individuals body fat, the ratio of weight to height; used to gauge over-weight and obesity

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31
Q

disordered eating

A

mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes

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32
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss

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33
Q

bullimia

A

an eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures, including self-induced vomiting

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34
Q

binge eating disorder

A

an eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight

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35
Q

adolescent health care

A

a field of study and health care devoted to understanding the health care needs of individuals during the second decade of life

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36
Q

graduated driver licensing

A

a licensing system in which full adult driving privileges are not granted all at once to teen drivers, but phased over time

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37
Q

deductive reasoning

A

a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens

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38
Q

metacognition

A

the process of thinking about thinking itself

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39
Q

imaginary audience

A

the belief, often brought on by the heightened self consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating ones behavior

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40
Q

personal fable

A

an adolescents belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other peoples behavior

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41
Q

cognitive-developmental view

A

a perspective on development based on the work of piaget, that takes a qualitative, stage-theory approach

42
Q

sensorimotor period

A

the first stage of cognitive development, according to piaget, spanning the period roughyl between birth and age 2

43
Q

preoperational period

A

the second stage of cognitive development, according to piaget, spanning roughly ages 2-5

44
Q

concrete operations

A

the third stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence

45
Q

formal operations

A

the fourth stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period from early adolescence through adulthood

46
Q

information-processing perspective

A

a perspective on cognition that derives from the study of AI, and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of growth of specific components of the thinking process (such as memory)

47
Q

selective attention

A

the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

48
Q

divided attention

A

the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time

49
Q

working memory

A

that aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

50
Q

long-term memory

A

the ability to recall something from a long time ago

51
Q

autobiographical memory

A

the recall of personally meaningful past events

52
Q

reminiscence bump

A

the fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life

53
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while subject is performing some sort of mental task

54
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions

55
Q

brain structure

A

the physical form and organization of the brain

56
Q

brain function

A

patterns of brain activity

57
Q

electroencephalography EEG

A

a technique for measuring electrical activity at different locations on the scalp

58
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events

59
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

60
Q

synapse

A

the gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses

61
Q

neurotransmitters

A

specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons

62
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing

63
Q

myelination

A

the process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing

64
Q

plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience

65
Q

developmental plasticity

A

extensive remodeling of the brains circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence while the brain is still maturing

66
Q

adult plasticity

A

relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during childhood, after the brain has matured

67
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks, rewards, and controlling impulses

68
Q

limbic system

A

an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment

69
Q

response inhibition

A

the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required

70
Q

executive function

A

more advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, escpecially in early adolescence

71
Q

functional connectivity

A

the extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time, which improves during adolescence

72
Q

dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward

73
Q

serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods

74
Q

zone of proximal development

A

in Vygotskys theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individuals reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills

75
Q

scaffolding

A

structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the react of the student

76
Q

social cognition

A

the aspect of cognition that concerns people about interpersonal relations and about social institutions

77
Q

mentalizing

A

the ability to understand someone elses mental state

78
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from ones own

79
Q

social conventions

A

the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations

80
Q

behavioral decision theory

A

an approach to understanding adolescent risk-taking, in which behaviors are seen as the out-come of systematic decision making processes

81
Q

sensation-seeking

A

the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting

82
Q

social redefinition

A

the process through which an individuals position or status is redefined by society

83
Q

age of majority

A

the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult

84
Q

statutory rape

A

sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent in the United States the specific age of consent may vary

85
Q

inventionists

A

theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention

86
Q

child protectionists

A

individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace

87
Q

teenager

A

a term popularized about 50 years ago, to refer to young people; it connotated a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did adolescent

88
Q

youth

A

today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18 to 22, it once referred to individuals ages 12 to 24

89
Q

initiation ceremony

A

the formal induction of a young person into adulthood

90
Q

status offense

A

a violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults

91
Q

juvenile justice system

A

a seperate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency

92
Q

criminal justice system

A

the system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime

93
Q

cohort

A

a group of individuals born during the same general historical era

94
Q

quinceanera

A

an elaborate sort of coming out celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many latino communities

95
Q

Bar (Bas) Mitzvah

A

in judaism, the religious ceremony marking the young persons transition into adulthood

96
Q

scarification

A

the intentional creation of scars on some parts or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony

97
Q

circumcision

A

a procedure in which some part of the genitals is cut and permanently altered

98
Q

female genital mutilation

A

the cutting or removing of the clitoris, performed in some cultures as part of the initiation of female adolescents

99
Q

baby boom

A

the period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large

100
Q

continuous transitions

A

passages into adulthood which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually

101
Q

discontinuous transitions

A

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly

102
Q

collective efficacy

A

a communitys social capital, derived from its members common values and goals

adolescent development (3 decks)

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