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adolescent development > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

puberty

A

period which an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction

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2
Q

hormones*

A

specialized substances secreted by endocrine glands

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3
Q

glands*

A

organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways

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4
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons*

A

neurons in the brain that play important roles at puberty - control release of reproductive hormones from the pituitary

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5
Q

HPG axis

A

hypothalamus - pituitary gland - gonads

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6
Q

set point*

A

somewhat like a thermostat in the hormonal feedback loop, this is where the correct levels of sex hormones are maintained

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7
Q

Adrenarche*

A

maturation of the adrenal gland that takes place during adolescence

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8
Q

cortisol*

A

a hormone that is produced when a person is exposed to stress

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9
Q

what triggers puberty?

A

something in middle childhood reawakens HPG axis and signals that the body is ready for puberty

  • presence of mature sexual partners
  • sufficient nutritional resources
  • physically healthy enough to begin reproducing
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10
Q

What is the onset of puberty stimulated by?

A

brain chemicals

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11
Q

kisspeptin*

A

a brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty

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12
Q

leptin*

A

a brain chemical produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty through stimulating kisspeptin

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13
Q

melatonin*

A

a hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness and that triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin

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14
Q

what other factors may influece the onset of puberty?

A

genes predispose onset at a certain age
more fat cells and more exposure to light may also trigger puberty earlier

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15
Q

Organizing role

A

prenatal hormones “program” the brain to develop in certain ways and according to a certain timetable (like setting an alarm clock).

patterns in behavior due to this organization may not appear until adolescence (ie. sex differences in aggression)

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16
Q

activating role

A

increase in certain hormones at puberty activates physical changes (ie. secondary sex characteristics)

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17
Q

adolescent growth spurt*

A

the dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty

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18
Q

peak heigh velocity*

A

the point at when the adolescent is growing most rapidly

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19
Q

epiphysis*

A

the closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed

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20
Q

secondary sexual characteristics*

A

the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice

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21
Q

tanner stages*

A

a widely used system that describes 5 stages of pubertal development

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22
Q

Key environmental influences on puberty

A

nutrition and health

puberty occurs earlier among those who are better nourished

chronic illness and excessive exercise are linked to delayed puberty

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23
Q

social influences in terms of early maturation

A

home environment may heavily effect maturation

specifically stress in the household, father absent, having a stepfather, etc

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24
Q

pheromones*

A

a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species

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25
Q

secular trend*

A

the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition

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26
Q

Cross-sectional study*

A

a study that compares two or more groups or individuals at one point in time

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27
Q

longitudinal study*

A

a study that follows the same group of individuals over time

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28
Q

Plasticity*

A

the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience

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29
Q

delayed phase preference

A

a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty

timing of secretion of melatonin shifts later - causing teens to sleep later

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30
Q

distancing effect

A

puberty increases conflict and distance between parents and children, regardless of whether adolescent is early or late maturer

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31
Q

psuedomature

A

a behavior in which the adolecent really feels like they are an adult and what comes with an adult/older teen

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32
Q

pros of early maturation

A

popularity
better self-esteem

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33
Q

cons of early maturation

A

more drug+alcohol use, delinquency, and precocious sexual activity
possible elevates rates of depression - more intense temper tantrums + greater impact of being victimized

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34
Q

basal metabolism rate*

A

the minimal amount of energy used by the body when resting

it drops about 15% during adolescence, causing an increase in weight.

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35
Q

body mass index*

A

a measure of an individuals body fat, the ratio of weight to height, used to gauge overweight and obesity

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36
Q

disordered eating*

A

mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes

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37
Q

anorexia nervosa*

A

an eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss

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38
Q

bulimia*

A

an eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures, including self-induced vomiting

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39
Q

binge eating disorder*

A

an eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight

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40
Q

“if-then” thinking

A

ability to plan ahead
to see future consequences of an action
provide alternative explanations
ultimately think more abstractly and think from multiple viewpoints

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41
Q

metacognition*

A

the process of thinking about thinking

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42
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

extreme self-absorption coined by david elkind

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43
Q

imaginary audience*

A

the belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating ones behavior

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44
Q

personal fable*

A

adolescents belief that they are unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other peoples behavior

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45
Q

multiple dimensions

A

the ability to understand and enjoy sarcasm

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46
Q

adolescent relativism

A

more likely to now begin questioning things and are less likely to accept them as fact or absolute truths ex. teachers and parents

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47
Q

cognitive-developmental view*

A

a perspective based on the work of piaget that takes a qualitative stage theory approach

48
Q

sensorimotor period*

A

the first stage of cognitive development, spanning the period between birth and age 2

49
Q

preoperational period*

A

the second stage of cognitive development, spanning roughly ages 2-5

50
Q

concrete operations*

A

the third stage, spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence

51
Q

formal operations*

A

the fourth stage, spanning the period from early adolescence through childhood

52
Q

information-processing perspective*

A

derives from the study of AI - attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of specific components of the thinking process

53
Q

4 ares of IPP

A

attention
memory
processing speed
organization

54
Q

selective attention*

A

the process by which we focus on one thing while tuning out another

55
Q

divided attention*

A

the process of paying attention to two or more different things at a time (multi-tasking)

56
Q

working memory*

A

information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

57
Q

long-term memory*

A

ability to recall something from long ago

58
Q

autobiographical memory*

A

recall of personally meaningful events

59
Q

reminiscence bump*

A

experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life

60
Q

processing speed

A

adolescents gain the ability to process the information needed to solve problems faster

61
Q

organization

A

improved ability to use organizational strategies when approaching problems

62
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)*

A

a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task

63
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)*

A

a technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions

64
Q

brain structure*

A

the physical form and organization of the brain

65
Q

brain function*

A

patterns of brain activity

66
Q

electroencephalography EEG*

A

a technique for measuring electrical activity at different locations on the scalp

67
Q

event-related potentials ERPs*

A

changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events

68
Q

neurons*

A

nerve cells - each contains a cell body, an axon, and thousands of dendrites

69
Q

synapse*

A

the gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses

70
Q

neurotransmitters*

A

specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons

71
Q

synaptic pruning*

A

the process by which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing

72
Q

myelination*

A

the process through which the brain circuits are insulated with myelin (improves efficiency of information processing)

73
Q

developmental plasticity*

A

extensive remodeling of the brains circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence, when the brain is still maturing

74
Q

adult plasticity*

A

relatively minor changes in the brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood, after the brain has matured

75
Q

prefrontal cortex*

A

the region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses

76
Q

limbic system*

A

an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment

77
Q

response inhibition*

A

the suppression of behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required

78
Q

executive function*

A

more advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, especially in early adolescence

79
Q

functional connectivity*

A

the extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time, which improves during adolescence

80
Q

dopamine*

A

a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward

81
Q

serotonin*

A

a neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods

82
Q

maturity gap

A

different developmental trajectories of cognitive ability and psychosocial maturity

83
Q

IQ

A

intelligence quotient

84
Q

zone of proximal development*

A

in vyotsky theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individuals reach, but that forces an individual to develop more adanced skills

85
Q

scaffolding*

A

structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of the student

86
Q

social cognition*

A

the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, interpersonal relationships,, and social institutions

87
Q

Research on social cognition in adolescence falls into 4 categories:

A

theory of mind
thinking about social relationships
understanding social conventions
conceptions of laws, civil liberties, and rights

88
Q

mentalizing*

A

the ability to understand someone elses mental state

89
Q

theory of mind*

A

the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from ones own

90
Q

social conventions*

A

the norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations - these begin to seem arbitrary

91
Q

conceptions of laws, civil liberties, and rights

A

adolescents come to believe there are some rights that should not be restricted

92
Q

behavioral decision theory*

A

an approach to understanding adolescent risk-taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making process

93
Q

adolescent risk-taking examples

A

substance abuse, reckless driving, unprotected sex

94
Q

sensation seeking*

A

the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting

95
Q

social redefinition*

A

the process through which an individuals position or status is redefined by society

96
Q

adult status leads to shifts in…

A

responsibility, independence, freedom

97
Q

age of majority*

A

designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult

98
Q

statutory rape*

A

sex between individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent

99
Q

experts define adolescence as beginning in ______ and ending in ______

A

biology, culture

100
Q

inventionists*

A

theorists that argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention

101
Q

impact of industrialization

A

reduced work force - brought competition between adolescent and parents - made adolescents go to school longer - work conditions were also poor - this increased the outlook and importance of education

102
Q

teenager*

A

a term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people; it connotated a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did adolescent

103
Q

youth*

A

today, a term used to refer to individuals age 18-22, it once referred to individuals ages 12-24

104
Q

initiation ceremony*

A

the formal induction of a young person into adulthood

105
Q

status offense*

A

a violation of the law that pertains to minors but no adults

106
Q

juvenile justice system*

A

a separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency

107
Q

criminal justice system*

A

the system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime

108
Q

Bar (Bas) Mitzvah

A

in judaism, the religious “coming of age” ceremony marking the young persons transition to adulthood

109
Q

child protectionists*

A

individuals who argued, early in the 20th century, that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labor force to protect them from the hazards of the workplace

110
Q

scarification*

A

the intentional creation of scars on some parts of the body, often done as part of the initiation ceremony

111
Q

clarity*

A

explicitness of transition

112
Q

continuity*

A

smoothness of transition

113
Q

baby boom*

A

the period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large

114
Q

continuous transitions*

A

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually

115
Q

discontinuous transitions*

A

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly

adolescent development (3 decks)

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