Exam 1 Test Questions Flashcards
Which enzyme rate limits or regulates lipolysis?
Hormone Sensitive Lipase
When a muscle produces force while lengthening it is defined as an…
Eccentric Action
An RER of >.9 should indicate a reliance on which mactronutrient fuel source?
Glucose (Carbohydrates)
If Rafael was well trained and walked an entire marathon at a relatively light intensity, which mactronutrient fuel source would he most likely rely on for energy production?
Lipids (Fats)
Which energy system would be dominant during a marathon (walking, light intensity)?
Mitochondrial Respiration
Which energy system is best assessed with a vertical jump?
Immediate
Which hormones can stimulate lipolysis to mobilize free fatty acids as a fuel source?
Growth Hormone
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucagon
What anatomical property enables Type I skeletal muscle fibers to use aerobic metabolism well?
They contain a lot of mitochondria
Which respiratory parameter indicates the normal or “average” volume of air inspired/expired per breath?
Vt
Which hormone facilitates AA uptake and protein synthesis in bone and muscle?
Insulin-like growth factor-1
Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) to activate the appropriate arterial receptors?
Acetylcholine
Which arterial receptor is activated by Acetylcholine in the PSNS?
B2 arterial receptors
In reference to the previous question, what happens to arteries in response to PSNS activation?
Vasodilation occurs everywhere in the systemic circulation
Within a sarcomere, which identifiable features will change size or length during eccentric muscle contraction?
I-band
H-zone
Which enzyme hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi during the sliding filament process?
Myosin ATPase
Which cardiovascular parameter provides an indication of systemic perfusion pressure?
Mean arterial pressure
Which blood flow mechanism involves expansion of the thoracic cavity, which decreases the pressure within the cavity, which in turn facilitates venous blood return to the heart?
Respiratory Pump
What respiratory parameters would be affected by a restrictive lung disease (such as pulmonary fibrosis), and how?
Decreased FVC
Decreased FEV1
Unaffected ratio of FEV1/FVC
What is the direct culprit behind “muscle burn” and short-term fatigue during high intensity exercise?
H+ accumulation in the sarcoplasm
What is the primary reason why fast eccentric contractions elicit greater force output than fast concentric contractions?
Stored elastic energy contributes to the force production of the eccentric contraction
What is the potential benefits of a pennated muscle?
More cross bridging
Greater force production
What do chemoreceptors primarily monitor to help regulate/determine ventilation?
PCO2
Explain how post-activation potentiation PAP works to increase muscle force output.
30-sec after a high-intensity muscle contraction the activated motor neurons are more easily excitable
For a given submaximal exercise intensity, how would an increase in preload affect cardiac function?
Decreased HR
Increase SV
What is the primary reason that explains why endurance athletes need a higher VO2max than power-based athletes such as sprinters?
The endurance athlete relies more on mitochondrial respiration
How doe creatine supplementation affect the maximum duration of the immediate system
Maximum duration is increased due to increased creatine phosphate storage in the muscle
Why does blood doping improve aerobic exercise performance?
Hemoglobin concentration of the blood is increased
Explain how both SNS innervation of arteries and EDRFs work together to direct blood flow where it’s needed during aerobic exercise.
SNS innervation causes systemic vaso/venoconstriction to help shunt blood away from muscles that are not active
EDRF release causes local vaso/venodilation to direct blood toward active muscles
Why is it important to convert most of the CO2 that leaves a muscle into HCO3 and and H+ for Hb binding and transport to lungs?
Lots of CO2 can be transported in the blood to the lungs without substantially altering blood pH
Explain how both insulin and glucagon work together to mobilize glucose as a fuel source during exercise.
Insulin stimulates muscles to clear glucose from blood to mobilize it for fuel
Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver to mobilize it for fuel
Which triggers that stem from heavy use of the immediate system can stimulate enhanced glycolytic activity?
Skeletal muscle contraction
Increased AMP concentrations within the muscle
What is the drawback of using the carotid pulse for HR measurement during exercise?
The measured HR will be lower than it should be for a given exercise intensity
With regard to the excitation coupling contraction process, what would be the most immediate and direct result/effect if acetylcholine did not bind with nicotinic receptors on the post synaptic membrane?
An action potential would not be generated across the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
What event immediately and directly initiates the power stroke during the sliding filament process?
“None of the above are applicable/correct”
How does cardiac output (Q) affect red blood cell transit time during exercise?
Increased Q = faster RBC transit time
Indicate the feedback that golgi tendon organs (GTOs) provide to the CNS and the primary response/reflex to that feedback.
Feedback: muscle tension and rate of change in muscle tension
Response: agonist muscle relaxation
Typically, the partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PIO2) is…
150mmHg
What neuromuscular (motor unit) recruitment strategies can be used to increase muscle force output to accomplish a task such as strong man comp stone challenge (increasing weights)
Increased rate coding
Increased number of motor units recruited
Recruitment of higher order/threshold motor units
What is the best recommendation to maximize power output for a given resistance training exercise?
Increase the weight lifted and speed up
Within a single heart beat/contraction cycle, which steps occur during pulmonary circuit blood flow following AV node depolarization?
RV depolarizes and contracts and blood flows to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
LV depolarizes and contracts and blood flows into the systemic circulation via the aorta
what cardiac event corresponds with the QRS compex?
Atrial repolarization
Ventricular depolarization
Explain how the Bhor effect affects gas exchange at the muscles during exercises.
O2 is more easily transferred from Hb in the blood to Mb in the muscles
What steps are invoved with the oxygen transport process?
O2 diffuses from alveoli into RBC and binds to HBb
Once carried to the muscles, increased 2-3-BPG, H+, CO2, and temperature induce O2 loading into the muscles
O2 unloaded into muscles onto Mb for use in mitochondrial respiration
Metabolically speaking, which of the following definitions represents lactate threshold?
The point where maximal lactate export out of a cell equals lactate production within a cell
Which of the following criteria can be used to validate a successful VO2max test?
Post-test blood lctate of >8 mmol/dL
VO2 plateaus or levels out prior to termination of the the test
HR is within +/- 5 bpm of the age-predicted maximun
What is one advatage of mobilizing carbs as a fuel source instead of lipids?
More powerful/higher intensity
