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Epidemiology & Biostatistics > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

0
Q

What type of study uses measures that include: counts, proportions, rates, survival

A

Descriptive Study

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1
Q

What type of study describes or characterizes the distribution of a disease in a specified population during a defined time period?

A

Descriptive Study

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2
Q

The following strengths are characteristic of what kind of study:

  • describes frequency and pattern of health related states or events
  • provides critical information for research, prevention and policy
A

Descriptive Study

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3
Q

The following challenges are characteristic of what type of study?
- impossible to monitor everything ( cost, time)

A

Descriptive Study

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4
Q

What type of study relates two or more population based measures to examine possible correlates between exposure and disease occurrence?

A

Ecological Study

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5
Q

What type of study measures exposure and disease independently at the population level. ( not in the same individual). Correlation does not prove causation.

A

Ecological Studies

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6
Q

The following strengths are characteristic of what type of study?
- describes potentially useful correlations that may warrant further study (hypothesis generating)

A

Ecological Study

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7
Q

The following challenges are characteristic of what type of study?

  • information not at the level of the individual
  • ecological fallacy
  • cannot demonstrate cause and effect
A

Ecological Study

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8
Q

What type of study:

  • surveys a defined population, usually within a short period of time
  • study sample is usually identified without consideration of the distribution of exposure or outcome of interest
  • examines distribution of disease and exposure as ascertained in the cross sectional survey
A

Cross Sectional Study

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9
Q

The following strengths are characteristic of what type of study?

  • can stimulate prevalence of disease and/or exposure as well as cross classifications. Estimate can be useful in healthcare planning and delivery
  • can be suggestive of risk factors for disease that may warrant further study
A

Cross Sectional Study

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10
Q

The following challenges are characteristic of what kind of study?
- temporal relation between exposure and outcome is not known, thus can not demonstrate cause and effect

A

Cross Sectional Study

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11
Q

What type of study is characteristic of the following?

  • experimental design: intervention is under the control of the investigator
  • participants randomized to receive experimental intervention vs standard intervention (or placebo)
  • monitor out come of interest over time
A

Randomized Controlled Trials

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12
Q

What type of study is characteristic of the following?

  • experimental design similar to randomized clinical trial
  • subjects are often non-diseased members of a target population and the intervention is often aimed at disease prevention
  • unit of randomization is the community/group level (school,hospital,sports team) rather than individual level
A

Community Trials

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13
Q

What type of study is well suited for studying rare diseases?

A

Case Control Study

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14
Q

In what type of study are participants selected on the basis of thier disease status?

A

Case Control Study

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15
Q

What type of study is often used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who have that condition/disease (the “cases”) with patients who do not have the condition/disease but are otherwise similar (the “controls”).

A

Case Control Study

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16
Q

The following strengths are characteristic of what kind of study?

  • timeliness
  • relatively low cost (compared to cohort study)
  • ability to study rare outcomes
A

Case Control Study

17
Q

The following challenges are characteristic of what type of study?

  • no direct measure of disease risk
  • retrospective ascertainment of exposure
  • selection of appropriate controls
  • restricted to study of single out come
A

Case Control Study

18
Q

What type of study is an analysis of risk factors and follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction.

A

Cohort Study

19
Q

The following strengths are characteristic of what type of study?

  • document exposure prior to disease occurrence
  • direct measure of disease rates and risk
  • opportunities to assess multiple outcomes
A

Cohort Study

20
Q

The following challenges are characteristic of what type of study?

  • long time frame (usually)
  • cost (expensive)
  • loss to follow up
  • inefficient for uncommon diseases
A

Cohort Study

21
Q

When an investigator documents but does not manipulate the exposure of interest the overall design is said to be what?

A

Observational

22
Q

When the investigator manipulates or assigns the exposure of interest the overall design is said to be what?

A

Experimental/Interventional

23
Q

What type of studies are considered to be observational?

A 
Descriptive
Ecological
Cross Sectional
Case Control
Cohort
24
Q

What type of studies are considered to be experimental/ interventional?

A

Randomized Controlled Trial
Field Trials
Community Trials

25
Q

What term describes new cases of disease diagnosed in a defined population during a specified time period? Measures include counts, percentages, rates

A

Incidence

26
Q

What term describes the total number of cases (new and existing) of disease present on a defined population during a specified time period or at a specific point in time? Measures include counts, percentages

A

Prevalence

27
Q

What term describes deaths due to the disease of interest occurring in a defined population during a specified time period? Measures include counts, percentages, rates

A

Mortality

28
Q

What are two strategies to minimize bias?

A

Randomization

Blinding

29
Q

Participants assigned to study groups at random is know as what?

A

Randomization

30
Q

The following purposes are characteristic of what?

  • diminish the opportunity for “confounding” by equalizing the effects of extraneous variables between/among the study groups
  • diminish the opportunity for selection bias
A

Randomization

31
Q

Assignment of study group conducted without the knowledge of study participants and/or investigators is know as what?

A

Blinding

32
Q

The following purposes are characteristic of what?

  • minimize bias in ascertainment of outcomes
  • minimize differential attrition of participants
A

Blinding

33
Q

What scenario occurs when either study subjects or investigators do not know intervention status?

A

Single Blind

34
Q

What scenario occurs when neither study subjects nor investigators know intervention status?

A

Double Blind

35
Q

What is the primary measure of association that is derived from cohort studies?

A

Risk Ratio (RR) also known as Relative Risk

36
Q

What is the primary measure of association that is derived from randomized controlled trials?

A

Risk Ratio (RR) also known as Relative Risk

37
Q

What is the primary measure of association that is derived from case control studies?

A

Odds Ratio (OR) also known as Estimate of Relative Risk

38
Q

Among those with the exposure of interest what term expresses the proportion of the disease that is due to exposure and could be prevented if the exposure was eliminated?

A

Attributable Risk Percent

(RR - 1)/RR multiplied by 100
(OR - 1)/OR multiplied by 100

Or

Risk in exposed - Risk in unexposed/Risk in exposed

39
Q

In the entire population what term expresses the proportion of the disease that is due to the exposure and could be prevented if the exposure was eliminated?

A

Population Attributable Risk Percent

E(RR-1)/[1+ E(RR-1)]
E(OR-1)/[1+ E(OR-1)]

E = % exposed in total population

Or

Risk in entire population - Risk in unexposed/Risk in entire population

Epidemiology & Biostatistics (3 decks)

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