Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1113 > exam 1 study guide > Flashcards

exam 1 study guide Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hypothesis

A

basically an unsupported theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

null hypothesis

A

what needs to happen for the hypothesis to be wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how to use learning outcome

A

he writes out exactly what he wants you to know so study that (on the slides). EVERYTHING is designed around it. Take a list of these and turn them into a study guide. List = surface level knowledge, apply/analyze = more in-depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

biology def

A

study of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

scientific process

A

hypothesis, design experiment, collect data, collect results, and draw conclusions. ANY of these steps can be repeated with new info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

characteristics of life

A
  1. CELLS- all organisms are made up of membrane-bound cell
  2. REPLICATION- has to be able to replicate
  3. INFORMATION- process hereditary info as well as info from the environment
  4. ENERGY- all organisms require energy
  5. EVOLUTION- pops of organisms are continually evolving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell theory

A

organisms are made of cells that are highly organized, bound by plasma, chemicals in solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A
  1. all organisms are made of cells
  2. all cells come from existing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pastuer experiment

A

he used a nutrient broth in flask. He sterilized it, and then new cells were found in the broth. Then, he used a swan-neck flask and did the same, no new cells except in swan neck. Disproved spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A
  1. hereditary info is encoded in genes
  2. genes are units located on chromosome
  3. DNA is hereditary material
  4. genes are segments of DNA that code for cell products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What provides energy to cells?

A

ATP, adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the central dogma of biology

A

the flow of info DNA—-> RNA—–> PROTEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evolution

A

a change in the characteristics of a population or organisms over time (population = a group of same species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Natural selection

A

survival of the fittest, if an individual has a trait that benefits the production of more babies, then that trait will become more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phylogeny/phylogenetic tree

A

the tree of life and how everything is related. Based mostly on DNA and how similar organism DNA is. The more recent the more related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

life separated into three groups

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structure affects _____

A

Function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

strongest type of bonds in bio

A

covalent bonds (shared)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what determines sharing of electrons?

A

electronegativity (right and up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in this class, what has the strong electronegativity pull?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

three types of bonds in biology

A

covalent (shared <0.5 EN difference), polar covalent (partial charge >0.5 EN difference), ionic bond (fully charged)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what forms polar covalent bonds in biology?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen, N or O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hydrogen bonds and who can form them

A

an attraction between a hydrogen atom and a weak negative charge. (only O and N can do this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

polar covalent bonding molecules _________ in water due to ______

A

dissolve in water due to hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules (like being attracted to like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Adhesion

A

attraction of water molecules to other molecules (like attracted to different)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what two factors do water have that make it hard to heat up?

A

Water has a high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization due to the abundance of hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is an acid in biology?

A

proton donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a base in biology

A

proton acceptor or gives up a OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is pH measured in?

A

-log[H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The fewer protons in the solution, the ______ pH it has

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a ________ minimizes changes in pH. They compensate for inequalities in pH

A

Buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

examples of buffer in our body

A

Carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

types of potential energy and definitions

A

chemical energy- energy stored in bonds the more bonds, the more chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

types of kinetic energy and definitions

A

Thermal energy- energy of molecular motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Entropy

A

Amount of disorder; chaos level. The more stuff moving around, the greater the entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what two factors are the biggest drivers of biochemical reactions?

A

potential energy and entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Organic molecules are

A

any molecules that include carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

four classes of macromolecules

A

Proteins, Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

polymer

A

large molecules made up of many repeating units that are similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do we call linking two monomers together?

A

condensation (dehydration) reaction: forms a new bond and loses a water molecule. Costs energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

all 6 functions of protiens

A

catalysis, defense, movement, structure signaling, and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are reactants called in catalyst reactions? how do they react?

A

substrates, the bind to active sites to react

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Carbonyl group

A

think carbonoxylic acid, but just O double bonded to C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

hydroxyl group

A

alcohol functional group

46
Q

link name of nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

47
Q

what is a monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

48
Q

three components of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (number one starts on the right; 1 prime 1’, 2 prime 2’), and a nitrogenous base.

49
Q

where are the phospate group and nitrogenous base connected to the 5 carbon sugar?

A

1 prime (base) and 5 prime (phosphate group)

50
Q

what is the difference between ribose and deoxribose?

A

RNA (ribose) has a hydroxyl group on the 2 prime carbon, DNA has 1 less hydroxyl group

51
Q

what are the five nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), adenine (A), and Uracil (U) or Thymine (T). Remember these have a LOT of nitrogens

52
Q

two classes of nitrogenous bases and what they mean

A

purines = two rings, pyrimidines = 1 ring

53
Q

condensation reaction

A

whenever we remove a water and make a bond, its this (dehydration reaction)

54
Q

what is the backbone of DNA and RNA called? How is it drawn?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone. The linkage is 5 prime and the 3 prime

55
Q

what is ATP and why is it so high energy?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, and because negatively charged oxygens are very close to each other which they do not like.

56
Q

with the secondary structure of DNA there must be always one _____ and one _____. What bonds holds these structures together?

A

purine (double ring) and one pyrimidine (single ring), hydrogen bonds

57
Q

finish the pairing
Gaunine and ________ (G and ___) (____ hydrogen bonds)
_______ and thymine (____ and T) (___ hydrogen bonds)

A

Guanine and Cytosine ( G and C) (3 H bonds)
Adenine and Thymine ( A and T) (2 H bonds)

58
Q

Chargaffs rule

A

A = T ; G = C

59
Q

Instead of thymine, RNA uses

A

uracil

60
Q

what is the secondary structure of RNA and what does it interact with?

A

Hairpins and interacts with itself

61
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has a 2 prime OH group

62
Q

Rna functions and examples (2)

A

Information storage ( mRNA and tRNA) and Catalyzing (ribozymes)

63
Q

what is the prefered source of fuel for all life?

A

Glucose

64
Q

molecular formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n, a lot more C’s and O’s and twice the H’s. SAME NUMBER OF O’s AND C’s

65
Q

if there is a CO double bond on the OUTSIDE, a Carbohydrate is called

A

Aldose (aldose: outside)

66
Q

if there is a CO double bond on the INSIDE, a Carbohydrate is called

A

a ketose

67
Q

what do you call a carb with 3, 5, or 6 carbon atoms?

A

triose, pentose, and hexose

68
Q

ring structure contain a _______ carbon.

A

anomeric

69
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

alpha = carbon in line with O, beta = carbon not in line with O

70
Q

glycosidic linkage and how you name

A

the linkage for two glucose. name by using alpha or beta for the first glucose, then list the carbons that are linked (Ex Alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage or beta-1, 4glycosidic linkage)

71
Q

what polysaccharide is used for energy storage un plants? Animals? what are they linked by?

A

Starch ; Glycogen ; alpha 1, 4

72
Q

study bio document with structures

A

ok

73
Q

one saccaride = _____, two saccarides = ____, and many more saccarides = ____.

A
  1. monosaccharide, 2. disaccharide, 3. Polysaccharide
74
Q

when numbering carbons, _____

A

start from the carbon after the oxygen

75
Q

structure polysaccharides include _____ in plants with _____ linkage. In fungi, _____ and in bacteria, ____.

A

cellulose, beta 1,4 ; Chitin, peptidoglycan

76
Q

NOTE: in cellulose and in other polysaccarides , the linkages of every other glucose are _______ so count accordingly

A

FLIPPED

77
Q

In general, structural carbs are strong because ____

A

they are difficult to hydrolize

78
Q

what are glycoprotiens? Glycolipids?

A
  1. carbs attached to protiens 2. carbs attached to lipids. Both of these give your bodies cell-cell recognition and signaling
79
Q

Why are Carbs so good for energy storage?

A

they have a lot of nonpalor bonds (C-C and C-H)

80
Q

Enzymes that break down polysaccarides to release glucose _______ (plants) and ______ (animals)

A

Phosphorylase (for glycogen), amylase (for starch)

81
Q

Nonpolar bonds have _____ energy and polar bonds have less

A

higher energy and less energy needed to rip apart bond

82
Q

lipids dont have monomers, they are just ______

A

hydrocarbons

83
Q

types of structures in lipids (3) with functions

A
  1. Steriods-signaling 2. Fats-storage 3. phospholipids- membrane struture
84
Q

what makes a steriod a steriod structurally? Give some examples of steriods.

A

four ring structure that looks like a piece from tetris [] Examples include cholesterol and
[] [] hormones
[]

85
Q

What are fats stored as?

A

triglycerides + 3 fatty acids

86
Q

what is a fatty acid?

A

a fat part with an acid on the end of it

87
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid? what is unsaturated?

A

a fat that has the maximum number of H attached to it (straight). Unsaturated = one or more double bonds with a curved structure

88
Q

oils are ______ butters are ______

A

unsaturated, saturated

89
Q

phospholipids have two parts…..

A

Head (glycerol +phosphate + charged molecule) and a Tail (two carbon chains)

90
Q

Amphipathic:

A

describes phospholipids, has both a region that likes water and disliked water

91
Q

What do you call a bead structure that is formed from lipids being in water?

A

Micelle

92
Q

Phospholipids are different from oils as they have two chains, so they form sheets called ______ when in water

A

bilayers

93
Q

Protein polymer= ___, monomer = ____ and they are linked by ____

A

polypeptides , amino acids, peptide bonds

94
Q

the peptide bond is between the ______ and the _____ group of another amino acid

A

caboxyl and amino

95
Q

difference between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures

A

primary = how monomers connect; the unique structure
secondary = the shape those connect monomers make; formed by hydrogen bonds (aplha and beta)
tertairy = the overall three dimensional shape made; think disulfide bonds
quaternary = the shape made by the combination of many tertiaries.

96
Q

denaturants of protiens

A

heat, some salts, pH extremes

97
Q

what interactions happen on the tertiary level with proteins?

A

disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions

98
Q

protiens have ________ H_______ and _______ S________ in their secondary structures

A

alpha helixes, beta sheets

99
Q

in proteins, everything rotates around the ______ bonds

A

peptides

100
Q

lipid bilayers are _______

A

selectively permeable

101
Q

what things are not permeable through cell membrane? what moves easily?

A

Ions have a hard time (very polar molecules), oxygen, CO2, and N2 move easily (small and nonpolar)

102
Q

why cant ions cross membranes?

A

because they are attracted the the partial negatives of water, therefore become a larger polar molecule

103
Q

what structure of the lipid bilayer is best at permeability and what is worst?

A

low permeability = saturated fatty acid chains (less holes)
High permeability = unsaturated fatty acid chains (more holes)

104
Q

proteins and phospholipids can both be ________. As such proteins are often parts of the P bilayer

A

amphipathic

105
Q

describe the fluid mosiac model

A

the modern model of cell membrane, the membrane ripples, and flows and moves. proteins dot the surface. There are also carbohydrate (glycoprotiens)

106
Q

what is a peripheral membrane protein? What is a transmembrane protein?

A

peripheral = float on the surface
transmembrane = make tunnels THROUGH the membrane

107
Q

what do the protiens on and through the cell membrane do?

A

they undergo facilitated diffusion where they move ions and hard to diffuse molecules out of the cell

108
Q

___________ allow passage of specific ions.. They keep the _______ going in things like muscle cells and the flow is also controlled by these gradients

A

ion channels, electrochemical gradient

109
Q

types of channels and how they open (3)

A

ion channel; change in charge.
Gated channel; binding of a particular substance or change in charge

110
Q

active transport requires _____

A

ATP

111
Q

What makes up a fat?

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

Biology 1113 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions