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Biology 1113 > exam 1 precheck > Flashcards

exam 1 precheck Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hypothesis

A

basically an unsupported theory

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2
Q

null hypothesis

A

what needs to happen for the hypothesis to be wrong

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3
Q

how to use learning outcome

A

he writes out exactly what he wants you to know so study that (on the slides). EVERYTHING is designed around it. Take a list of these and turn them into a study guide. List = surface level knowledge, apply/analyze = more in-depth

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4
Q

biology def

A

study of life

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5
Q

scientific process

A

hypothesis, design experiment, collect data, collect results, and draw conclusions. ANY of these steps can be repeated with new info

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6
Q

characteristics of life

A
  1. CELLS- all organisms are made up of membrane-bound cell
  2. REPLICATION- has to be able to replicate
  3. INFORMATION- process hereditary info as well as info from the environment
  4. ENERGY- all organisms require energy
  5. EVOLUTION- pops of organisms are continually evolving
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7
Q

Cell theory

A

organisms are made of cells that are highly organized, bound by plasma, chemicals in solution.

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8
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A
  1. all organisms are made of cells
  2. all cells come from existing cells
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9
Q

Pastuer experiment

A

he used a nutrient broth in flask. He sterilized it, and then new cells were found in the broth. Then, he used a swan-neck flask and did the same, no new cells except in swan neck. Disproved spontaneous generation

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10
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A
  1. hereditary info is encoded in genes
  2. genes are units located on chromosome
  3. DNA is hereditary material
  4. genes are segments of DNA that code for cell products
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11
Q

What provides energy to cells?

A

ATP, adenosine triphosphate

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12
Q

the central dogma of biology

A

the flow of info DNA—-> RNA—–> PROTEIN

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13
Q

Evolution

A

a change in the characteristics of a population or organisms over time (population = a group of same species)

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14
Q

Natural selection

A

survival of the fittest, if an individual has a trait that benefits the production of more babies, then that trait will become more common

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15
Q

phylogeny/phylogenetic tree

A

the tree of life and how everything is related. Based mostly on DNA and how similar organism DNA is. The more recent the more related

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16
Q

life separated into three groups

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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17
Q

scientific name breakdowm (two parts)

A

Genus first, then species

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17
Q

Structure affects _____

A

Function

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18
Q

strongest type of bonds in bio

A

covalent bonds (shared)

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19
Q

what determines sharing of electrons?

A

electronegativity (right and up)

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20
Q

in this class, what has the strong electronegativity pull?

A

Oxygen

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

three types of bonds in biology

A

covalent (shared <0.5 EN difference), polar covalent (partial charge >0.5 EN difference), ionic bond (fully charged)

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23
Q

what forms polar covalent bonds in biology?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen, N or O

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24
Q

hydrogen bonds and who can form them

A

an attraction between a hydrogen atom and a weak negative charge. (only O and N can do this)

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25
Q

polar covalent bonding molecules _________ in water due to ______

A

dissolve in water due to hydrogen bonding

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26
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules (like being attracted to like)

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27
Q

Adhesion

A

attraction of water molecules to other molecules (like attracted to different)

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28
Q

what two factors do water have that make it hard to heat up?

A

Water has a high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization due to the abundance of hydrogen bonds

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29
Q

what is an acid in biology?

A

proton donor

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30
Q

What is a base in biology

A

proton acceptor or gives up a OH-

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31
Q

what is pH measured in?

A

-log[H+]

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32
Q

The fewer protons in the solution, the ______ pH it has

A

higher

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33
Q

a ________ minimizes changes in pH. They compensate for inequalities in pH

A

Buffer

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34
Q

examples of buffer in our body

A

Carbonic acid

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35
Q

types of potential energy and definitions

A

chemical energy- energy stored in bonds the more bonds, the more chemical energy

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36
Q

types of kinetic energy and definitions

A

Thermal energy- energy of molecular motion.

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37
Q

Entropy

A

Amount of disorder; chaos level. The more stuff moving around, the greater the entropy

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38
Q

what two factors are the biggest drivers of biochemical reactions?

A

potential energy and entropy

39
Q

Organic molecules are

A

any molecules that include carbon and hydrogen

40
Q

find and place functional group slide in here

A

ok

41
Q

four classes of macromolecules

A

Proteins, Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

42
Q

polymer

A

large molecules made up of many repeating units that are similar

43
Q

what do we call linking two monomers together?

A

condensation (dehydration) reaction: forms a new bond and loses a water molecule. Costs energy

44
Q

all 6 functions of protiens

A

catalysis, defense, movement, structure signaling, and transport

45
Q

what are reactants called in catalyst reactions? how do they react?

A

substrates, the bind to active sites to react

46
Q

go over amino acids with protien structure slide

A

ok

47
Q

Carbonyl group

A

think carbonoxylic acid, but just O double bonded to C

48
Q

hydroxyl group

A

alcohol functional group

49
Q

link name of nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

50
Q

what is a monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

51
Q

three components of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (number one starts on the right; 1 prime 1’, 2 prime 2’), and a nitrogenous base.

52
Q

where are the phospate group and nitrogenous base connected to the 5 carbon sugar?

A

1 prime (base) and 5 prime (phosphate group)

53
Q

what is the difference between ribose and deoxribose?

A

RNA has a hydroxyl group on the 2 prime carbon

54
Q

what are the five nitrogenous bases?

A

Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), adenine (A), and Uracil (U) or Thymine (T). Remember these have a LOT of nitrogens

55
Q

two classes of nitrogenous bases and what they mean

A

purines = two rings, pyrimidines = 1 ring

56
Q

condensation reaction

A

whenever we remove a water and make a bond, its this (dehydration reaction)

57
Q

what is the backbone of DNA and RNA called? How is it drawn?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone. The linkage is 5 prime and the 3 prime

58
Q

what is ATP and why is it so high energy?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, and because negatively charged oxygens are very close to each other which they do not like.

59
Q

with the secondary structure of DNA there must be always one _____ and one _____. What bonds holds these structures together?

A

purine (double ring) and one pyrimidine (single ring), hydrogen bonds

60
Q

finish the pairing
Gaunine and ________ (G and ___) (____ hydrogen bonds)
_______ and thymine (____ and T) (___ hydrogen bonds)

A

Guanine and Cytosine ( G and C) (3 H bonds)
Adenine and Thymine ( A and T) (2 H bonds)

61
Q

Chargaffs rule

A

A = T ; G = C

62
Q

Instead of thymine, RNA uses

A

uracil

63
Q

what is the secondary structure of RNA and what does it interact with?

A

Hairpins and interacts with itself

64
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has a 2 prime OH group

65
Q

Rna functions and examples (2)

A

Information storage ( mRNA and tRNA) and Catalyzing (ribozymes)

66
Q

what is the prefered source of fuel for all life?

A

Glucose

67
Q

molecular formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n, a lot more C’s and O’s and twice the H’s. SAME NUMBER OF O’s AND C’s

68
Q

if there is a CO double bond on the OUTSIDE, a Carbohydrate is called

A

Aldose (aldose: outside)

69
Q

if there is a CO double bond on the INSIDE, a Carbohydrate is called

A

a ketose

70
Q

what do you call a carb with 3, 5, or 6 carbon atoms?

A

triose, pentose, and hexose

71
Q

ring structure contain a _______ carbon.

A

anomeric

72
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

alpha = carbon in line with O, beta = carbon not in line with O

73
Q

glycosidic linkage and how you name

A

the linkage for two glucose. name by using alpha or beta for the first glucose, then list the carbons that are linked (Ex Alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage or beta-1, 4glycosidic linkage)

74
Q

what polysaccharide is used for energy storage un plants? Animals? what are they linked by?

A

Starch ; Glycogen ; alpha 1, 4

75
Q

study bio document with structures

A

ok

76
Q

one saccaride = _____, two saccarides = ____, and many more saccarides = ____.

A
  1. monosaccharide, 2. disaccharide, 3. Polysaccharide
77
Q

when numbering carbons, _____

A

start from the carbon after the oxygen

78
Q

structure polysaccharides include _____ in plants with _____ linkage. In fungi, _____ and in bacteria, ____.

A

cellulose, beta 1,4 ; Chitin, peptidoglycan

79
Q

NOTE: in cellulose and in other polysaccarides , the linkages of every other glucose are _______ so count accordingly

A

FLIPPED

80
Q

In general, structural carbs are strong because ____

A

they are difficult to hydrolize

81
Q

what are glycoprotiens? Glycolipids?

A
  1. carbs attached to protiens 2. carbs attached to lipids. Both of these give your bodies cell-cell recognition and signaling
82
Q

Why are Carbs so good for energy storage?

A

they have a lot of nonpalor bonds (C-C and C-H)

83
Q

Enzymes that break down polysaccarides to release glucose _______ (plants) and ______ (animals)

A

Phosphorylase (for glycogen), amylase (for starch)

84
Q

Nonpolar bonds have _____ energy and polar bonds have less

A

higher energy and less energy needed to rip apart bond

85
Q

lipids dont have monomers, they are just ______

A

hydrocarbons

86
Q

types of structures in lipids (3) with functions

A
  1. Steriods-signaling 2. Fats-storage 3. phospholipids- membrane struture
87
Q

what makes a steriod a steriod structurally? Give some examples of steriods.

A

four ring structure that looks like a piece from tetris [] Examples include cholesterol and
[] [] hormones
[]

88
Q

What are fats stored as?

A

triglycerides + 3 fatty acids

89
Q

what is a fatty acid?

A

a fat part with an acid on the end of it

90
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid? what is unsaturated?

A

a fat that has the maximum number of H attached to it (straight). Unsaturated = one or more double bonds with a curved structure

91
Q

oils are ______ butters are ______

A

unsaturated, saturated

92
Q

phospholipids have two parts…..

A

Head (glycerol +phosphate + charged molecule) and a Tail (two carbon chains)

93
Q

Amphipathic:

A

describes phospholipids, has both a region that likes water and disliked water

94
Q

What do you call a bead structure that is formed from phospholipids being in water?

A

Micelle

95
Q

Phospholipids are different from oils as they have two chains, so they form sheets called ______ when in water

A

bilayers

96
Q
A

Biology 1113 (4 decks)

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