Exam 1: Slideshows 1-4 Flashcards
Ch 1-4
1
Q
Define Development
A
The orderly and sequential changes occurring from conception until death.
2
Q
What are the 3 patterns of growth?
A
Physical, Cognitive + Social
3
Q
What are 4 traits of development?
A
- Lifelong 2. Multidimensional 3. Multidirectional 4. Culturally Influenced
4
Q
What 2 things does development involve?
A
- Influences of cultural shifts 2. Changing resource allocations
5
Q
What does development show?
A
Plasticity
6
Q
Which lifespan is from 7-11 years
A
Middle childhood
7
Q
Which lifespan is ages 3-6 years?
A
Early Childhood
8
Q
When is the infancy lifespan?
A
From birth-age 2
9
Q
What is the lifespan before birth?
A
Prenatal
10
Q
What are the steps of designing an experimental methodology?
A
- form a hypothesis 2. choose # of participants and if experiment will be longitudinal, cross sectional, or both. 3. determine independant and dependant variable 4. determine experimental and control group
11
Q
What is a longitudinal experiment?
A
data is collected from a group of similar individuals (cohort) over over time
12
Q
What is a cross-sectional experiment?
A
data is collected one time from a group of different individuals (cohort) at once
13
Q
What is a cross sequential experiment?
A
data is collected over time (years) from different groups of individuals (as categorized by a cohort)
14
Q
What is a case study?
A
The experimenter intensively observes, describes, and documents observations of a participant(s)/subject(s).
15
Q
What is a naturalistic observation?
A
The experimenter passively, usually discretely, observes the subject so as not to disturb them.
16
Q
What is a self report?
A
The experimenter administers surveys, questionnaires or interviews participants.
17
Q
What is descriptive scientific research?
A
Experimental methodologies that observation in an objective, and systematic manner.
18
Q
What are the 3 limitations of descriptive research?
A
- Confounding variables: extraneous part(s) of the experiment that may affect the outcome. 2. Reactivity: The participant may (often unknowingly knowingly) alter their behavior due to an awareness that they are being observed. 3. Experimenter expectancy effect: The experimenter (often unknowingly) alters the experimental methodology to fulfill their expectations.
19
Q
What are the 4 goals of ETHICAL research?
A
- Ensure more benefit than risk 2. Informed consent 3. Use of deception: volunteers have a right to know what will happen to them; if justified, humane deception can be used, and experimenter(s) should debrief the participants after experimental participation 4. Vulnerable pop. should be treated with special care
20
Q
How many chromosomes are there in each biological cell?
A
23
21
Q
What is a centromere?
A
The region of a chromosome that separates the chromosomes into arms
22
Q
What is a gene?
A
A sequences of nucleotide bases in a chromosome that make specific proteins which perform specific functions associated with the human body
23
Q
What is the germinal stage?
A
conception and fertilization, week 0-2 sperm penetrates egg > becomes a zygote > 12 hours later, zygote begins to duplicate > becomes blastocyst> day 11, implants into the uterus> day 14 becomes gastrula
24
Q
When is the embryonic stage?
A
End of week 2-8
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When is the fetal stage?
End of week 8 until birth
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What is a congenital disorder that can occur in the germinal stage?
Down's Syndrome
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What are the 3 layers of a gastrula?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
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What are the 3 stages of the birth process?
1. Uterine contractions – longest of the 3 2. Movement of head through the cervix and birth canal 3. Afterbirth – placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are detached
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What drugs are administered for birth?
analgesia, anesthesia
30
What is the Apgar scale and what 5 things does it consist of?
A test of Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration performed 1-5 minutes after birth. Newborns are rated on a scale of 1-3 for each. \<3 pts = emergency, 4-5 pts = developmental difficulties, 7-10 pts = good
31
What post birth test measures the sensitive index of neurological competence and is performed 24-36 hours after birth?
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
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What post birth test incorporates stress and withdrawal assessments?
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
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What is preterm?
born 3 weeks or more before full term
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What constitutes a low birth weight?
\< 5.5 lbs at birth, ~ 8% of newborns in the US
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What is "Small for date"
infants that weigh \< 90% of other infants of the same pregnancy age
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How long is the post partum period?
6 weeks after birth
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What are some symptoms of post partum?
1. fatigue 2. stress 3. decrease in estrogen and progesterone 4. depression
38
What 3 reflexes indicate normal patterns of physical growth in an infant?
rooting, sucking and grasping
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What is the cephalocaudal pattern of physical growth?
Growth starting at the head, gradually moving down to the neck, shoulders, trunk, etc
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What is the proximodistal pattern of physical growth?
Growth starting at the center of the body, moving towards the extremities.
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What is habituation?
decreased response to a stimulus due to repeated presentations of said stimulus
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What is dishabituation?
Restoration of the original response following habituation, immediately after presentation of a new stimulus
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What is a vision of a child of a newborn vs @ 6 months of age?
20/240 for newborns vs 20/40 for 6 months on the Snellen chart.
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When do children see color? When do they begin to show color preference?
4 weeks, 4 months
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When is the sense of hearing developed?
The last 2 months of pregnancy before birth.
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When is the sense of smell developed?
Several days after birth
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When is the sense of taste developed?
May be developed before birth
48
Newborns can't get enough of this kind of sleep!
REM Sleep
49
What is a Phoneme?
Smallest units of sound recognizable as speech (letter sounds)
50
What are Morphemes?
Combined phonemes. Words.
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What is Syntax?
Combinations of content and function morphemes forming sentences.
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What is Semantics?
The literal meanings behind syntax (phrases and sentences)
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What is Pragmatics?
The the inferred meaning that the speakers and listeners perceive. Involves contextual meaning.
54
By 2 years, the brain is _____ of what it will weigh during adulthood
75%
55
Early childhood is marked by what 2 major physical changes?
1. Movement with greater speed 2. vast improvements of gross motor skills
56
Activated synapse consists of
1. ends of axon terminals of presynaptic cells 2. synaptic cleft 3. release of neurotransmitters 4. binding to receptors on postsynaptic cells
57
How does brain development affect decision making in adolescents?
The nucleus accumbens, or the reward seeking/processing part of the brain, grows quickly while the prefrontal cortex (which controls decision making) does not catch up in growth until later.
58
What cognitive stage would Piaget assume an individual in early childhood to inhabit?
The preoperational intelligence stage, therefore unable to use logical operational skills.
59
What was the finding of the study on "private speech"?
~50% of the children (ages 3-5) were aware they were engaging in private speech and scored higher on language assessment and mentalizing tasks.
60
What was the finding of the study on "narrative ability and suggestibility"?
A child who is asked to recall a story becomes less suggestible when re-telling it to a skeptical listener.
61
What "index" is used to break down and explain empathy?
The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)
62
What are the 2 major types of empathy?
1. Emotional empathy, relating to others 2. Cognitive empathy, understanding others
63
What is the empathic concern scale?
A type of emotional empathy, ones emotions to others
64
What is the personal distress scale?
A type of emotional empathy, the emotions one experiences when watching the emotions of others
65
What is the fantasy scale?
A type of cognitive empathy, the tendency to imagine oneself in the place of characters in books or movies
66
What is the perspective taking scale?
A type of cognitive empathy, the ability to imagine another person’s perspective
67
What is Intrinsic motivation?
motivation to take actions that are themselves more reinforcing
68
What is Extrinsic movitavion?
motivation to take actions that lead to a reinforcer
69
What were the findings of the study on "Overjustification effect of motivation"?
Extrinsic reinforcement for a behavior was previously intrinsically motivated may hinder that intrinsic motivation.
70
What are 4 factors that may hinder physical development during middle childhood?
1. accidents and injuries 2. overweight: ~30% of middle childhood children are overweight 3. cancer: acute lymphoblastic leukemia 4. asthma
71
What is the hygeine hypothesis?
States that childhood exposure to germs and certain infections helps the immune system develop
72
What is happening in the brain during middle childhood?
1. Continuation proliferation process 2. Beginning of the pruning process
73
What is the Broca’s area and where is it?
1. Broca's Area is involved in the production of one’s own vocal and sign language. 2. The lower portion of the left frontal lobe
74
What is the Wernicke’s area and where is it?
1. involved in the comprehension of one’s own vocal and sign language 2. In the left posterior superior temporal gyrus.
75
What are 3 cognitive developments that happen during middle childhood?
1. Increased vocabulary 2. Better attentional mechanisms 3. Improvement suppressing behaviors
76
What percentage of children receive special education and when does this happen?
14% of 13-21 year olds. This usually starts in middle childhood when children enter school.
77
What are Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) ?
a type of Neurodevelopmental Disorder that impedes the ability to learn or use specific, foundational academic skills
78
8.6% of children in public school have what cognitive condition?
Specific Learning Disabilities
79
1.1% of children in public school have what cognitive condition?
Intellectual developmental disorder (formerly known as mental retardation)
80
0.9% of children in public school have what cognitive condition?
Emotional disturbance
81
What is the "zone of ambiguity”
When symptoms and impairments are dimensional, they are open to interpretationm which makes them ambiguous
82
3 ways an adult improve their processing of information?
1. Motivate to understand rather than “memorize” 2. Repeat with variations and linkages 3. Embed memory relevant questions and ask metacognitive questions
83
What is critical thinking?
thinking reflectively, productively and evaluating evidence
84
What is creative thinking?
ability to think in novel and unusual ways to generate unique solutions to problems
85
Who invented the idea of "IQ" and when?
William Stern, 1912
86
The 1905 test scale determines what via 30 questions?
Mental Age
87
What measures intelligence in terms of fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual spatial reasoning, working memory?
Stanford Binet 5
88
What are the Wechsler Scales?
A set of tests widely used to assess students’ intelligence
89
Which theory of intelligence comes in 3 forms, Analytical, Creative and Practical?
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
90
Below what IQ score do individuals breach the borderline of intellectual functioning?
84-70 (anything lower is a "disability")
91
What is meant by the operationalization of "executive functioning cognition"?
Assesment of 1. inhibition 2. working memory 3. planning
92
What are 2 tests of operationalizing inhibition
1. circle drawing task 2. Card scattered 1+2, when child sees "1" they say "2"
93
What is 1 test of operationalizing working memory?
self ordering pointing task: child is asked to point out the card that "does not belong" after being shown a series of cards
94
What is 1 test of operationalizing planning?
tower of london: child copies an arrangement of colored balls after observing it. execution time denotes planning.
95
What are Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) ?
pervasive developmental disorders that range in severity. characteristic symptoms: 1. social impairment, 2 repetitive behaviors 3. stereotypic behaviors
96
What is an "absolute threshold"
The intensity of a stimulus needed that the population will detect it correctly, 50% of the time.
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What is shown?
Fetal Stage
112
What is shown?
Embryonic Stage
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Compare and contrast what these graphs mean
Good job
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