Exam 1 SAQ Flashcards
Habsburgs SAQ
C: Rise of Empire - Austria, Styria, Carniola
Second Powerful Family
Direct Control of 3 HRE Provinces
Married into other Electorships
1: Habsburg and HRE - Ruled over own lands and started the practice of electing Emporers.
a: Electing Emporers became law with Golden Bull
b: Diet - parliment without elections or power to pass laws, Infrequent meetings
2: Decentralized Nature Compared to France - States control thier Emporer, therefore leaving hundreds of small Germanies and larger states like Austria to do as they please
Knights of Teutonic Order SAQ
A: Knights of Tutonic Order - German speaking knights vowed to fight in name of Christ, Fought in Crusades then fought Pagans in East Europe.
1: Prussia, 1226 - First Conquered Area, New German Settlers Married and intermingled with what is left.
2: Albrecht von Hohenzollern, Dutchy of Prussia - Cut ties with Pope during Refromation and takes control of Brandenburg Prussia
3: Junkers were the Nobility of Brandenburg
Feudalism SAQ
B: Feudalism - Land-Vassel Relationship; Loyalty (Fealty), Both lord and vassel take oath of loyalty to other, lord gives land - vassel gives military support. Manor is smallest unit
1: Constitutio de feudis - unique to Germany, allow knights to pass down titles-keeps stability
2: Ministriales: While lords and knights away they would watch over Manors and serfs
3: Elected Kings of Germany- Otto 1, Henry 1- Kings were elected (sometimes hereditary) Two acts are passed to make election law, Weakens the Throne
The Franks SAQ
A: 400s - 800s AD - Frequently changing borders, Start as Roman Mercs, Roman Empire falls and they fill the vaccum
1: Carolingians and Pepin 751 - King Clovis converts to Christianity, gives Pope power, Pope Crowns Pepin the first Carolingian King to keep relationship.
2: Social changes in Germany during Carolingians - People settle in agricultural villages, Christianity spreads
3: Charlemagne, 771, Expands into Western Europe, Lombardy, Bovaria, Saxony; crowned Holy Roman Emporer by Pope
4: Breakup Frankish Kingdom - Charlemagne divides Kingdom into 3 parts to give to Sons
5: Treaty of Verdun, 843 - Treaty between 3 sons to gain 1/3 of HRE each, Begins Fragmentation, West Franskish Kingdom (France) stays stable while East dont.
German States after French Rev LEQ
IV. States after French Rev - Napoleon finally defeated and loses control
A : Congress of Vienna - European Leaders pick up the pieces, Get rid of HRE
1: German Confederation - Same borders as HRE, Keep larger Germanies established by Napoleon, Allowed Leaders to take title ‘King’, Independent and autonomous, no singular leader
2: Prussian Expansion - Prussia Gains almost 2x land from Vienna in the West, Setup will going into the industrial Revolution
3: Federal Diet, Frankfurt - Meet in Frankfurt, Keep Coalition together, mini UN to coordinate policies and sovle problems
B: Impact, liberalism and Nationalism - Increase in Liberalism, Increase in national Identity: desire for similar ethnic background to form 1 state.
French Revolution on Germany LEQ
III. Impact
A: Germany and French Rev - Attempt to make more democratic gov in France
1: The moderate Phases of French Rev - First 2 strip king of most power and form constitution and governing body
2: Radical Phase (Girondins & Jacobins) - Kill King And Mary Anntoinette, War with Austria and Prussia
3: French Occupation of HRE - French Army overwhelms, French Continue east and take more land
B: Napoleon Bonaparte, Emporer at the French, 1804 - Francis 2 of Austria, Napoleon Fills vaccum and disolves HRE
C: Prussia and Battle of Jena, 1806 - France defeats Prussians
1: Prussian Social Reform - end serfdom, Build Schools
2: Prussian Military Reform - Build Better Army, Generates larger resrves by rotating men
D: Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleonic Code - French beat Austrians and build buffer zone, Code is humane law
E: Napoleon Defeat: Austrians and Prussians unite
Prussian Kings Develop Absolutist State LEQ
IV. Kings of Prussia and Absolutism
A: Elector Frederick 3 dubbed Frederick 1- Prussia short for Hohenzollern lands
B: Soldier King Frederick William 1 - Son of King Frederick 1, Try to make stronger system
1: Canton System - First military reserve systems, Solves issues of a large standing army
2: General Directory - Make raising and spending taxes more efficient, Body of Gov made decisions on finances
3: Gutsherrschaft - Junkers didnt make much, so give them control of thier lands, allowed to work serfs to bone
C: The Reign of King Frederick 2 - Artist, Outstanding General of the State
1: First and second Silesian Wars against Austria - Added Silesian lands to Prussia in aftermath
2: Seven year war - Prussia fights 3 countries and wins
3: Poland - Prussia, Austria and Russia split Poland 3 ways
4: Dualism - Austria and Prussia 2 strongest states
Leaders of Brandenburg-Prussia LEQ
III. Foundations for absolutism in Branden-burg Prussia - Prussia is first absolutist state
A: Continual Decline of HRE after 1648 - Just a shell, HRE + Diet no real power
B: Absolutism in Brandenburg Prussia - Junkers absorbed into Army as Officers and beurocrats collecting taxes
C: French King Lous 14 made palace to watch Nobels, Prussia put them in the army
D: Hohenzollerns was ruling family
1: Long stable line of male heirs, brought stability that other German states lack
E: Elector Frederick William - Not Allow Nordic or Austrians pillage and rape like 30y war, Build a Stronger army
1: Creation of Standing Army and Taxes - Junkers placed in army and tax collectors
2: Ending of Local Diets - Stop lesser nobility from raising opposition, allow them complete control of thier lands
Martin Luther’s Role LEQ
III. Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation
A: Martin Luther and 95 Thesis - Augustinian Order (Church Lawyers) - Priest too
1: Professor of Theology- well educated
2: Salvation through Faith alone- Bible says faith alone is enough for salvation, Church is a scam
3: Indulgences (Johan Tetzel) - Advertised Indulgence as forgiveness of sins for relatives to pay for St. Peters church
4: Scriptures as a basis for religous Authority - 95 theses, Says Pope and Bishops have no Authority given to them by the bible, Call out Johan
5: Believes all believers are in the priesthood
B: The printing press and 95 theses - Helps rapidly spread among common people
1: Frederick the elector of Saxony - Protects Luther becuase he agrees
2: Luther and Papal Bull - Pope orders Luther to stop preaching, he burns it publically
3: Diet of Worms - Assembly to convict Luther, Frederick Hides him again
4: Luthern Bible - transcribes bible so commoners can read it
C: Political effect of Luther’s Movement with HRE - Nobility agree with him to split from HRE, Gain better political power by cutting ties with pope
Eve of German Reformation LEQ
II. Germany Before Reformation - Comes with change, Exploration and Literacy up
A: The Holy Roman Empire - Heavily decentralized, 300 Germanies, Habsburgs control allot through marrige
1: Reichstagh - Met more frequently, Nobility, City Reps, Bishops
2: Kammergericht (Imperial Court of Justice) - Emporer Initites to gain more power, court to stop infighting and common currency
B: Habsburg Land in Europe - Many Branches, Two ruled In HRE
1: Additin of Bohemia, Hungary - Took control of Bohemia through Marriage, Hungry outside HRE Borders, does not enter into Imperial control
2: Indebtness to Fugger - Bank Family gave Habsburgs money to bribe and fund wars, weakness
3: Charles V- Habsburg who thinks he can stamp out Reformation, still has debt
