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Meteorology > Exam 1 Review Sheet and quizzes > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Sheet and quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

The gas that shows the most variation in concentration from place to place and from time to time in the lower atmosphere

A

Water vapor

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2
Q

The most abundant gas that is emitted from volcanoes

A

Water vapor

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3
Q

Which of the following weather elements always decreases as we climb upward in the atmosphere:
Wind, temperature, pressure, moisture, or all of the above?

A

Pressure

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4
Q

In the stratosphere, the air temperature normally

A

Increases with increasing height

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5
Q

The flat top of a thunderstorm about 30,000 or 10 km height would mark the top of the:

A

Troposphere

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6
Q

The earth’s atmosphere is divided into layers based on changes in the vertical profile of

A

Air temperature

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7
Q

Ideal conditions for a strong radiation inversion are a

A

Clear, calm, dry winter night

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8
Q

Assuming that the night will remain clear, calm, and unsaturated, the predicted minimum temperature is 32 degrees F. Suddenly the wind speed increases and remains gusty throughout the night. The minimum temperature will most likely be:

A

Higher than predicted due to mixing

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9
Q

The primary cause of a radiation inversion is

A

Infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s surface

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10
Q

An important reason for the large daily temperature range over deserts is

A

There is little water vapor in the air to absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation.

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11
Q

Thermal belts are

A

Warmer hillsides that are less likely to experience freezing conditions

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12
Q

Two objects A and B have the same mass but the specific heat of A is larger than B. If both objects absorb equal amounts of energy

A

B will become warmer than A

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13
Q

Which of the following statements is true:

a. If you travel from Dallas, Texas to St. Paul, Minnesota in January, you are more likely to experience greater temperature variations than if you make the same trip in July.
b. Annual temperature ranges tend to be much greater near the ocean than in the middle of the continent.
c. If two cities have the same mean annual temperature, then their temperatures throughout the year are quite similar.
d. All of the above

A

a. If you travel from Dallas, Texas to St. Paul, Minnesota in January, you are more likely to experience greater temperature variations than if you make the same trip in July.

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14
Q

The most abundant gas in the stratosphere is:

A

Nitrogen

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15
Q

Which of the following is considered a variable gas in the earth’s atmosphere:
Nitrogen, water vapor, oxygen, argon, or all of the above?

A

Water vapor

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16
Q

Which of the following would remain constant if you traveled up through the troposphere:
Air density, percentage oxygen concentration, air temperature, or air pressure?

A

Percentage oxygen concentrate

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17
Q

The instrument that measures pressure, temperature, and humidity in the vertical

A

Radiosonde

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18
Q

This process causes rising air to cool

A

Expansion

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19
Q

Causes the cold feeling you experience after leaving a swimming pool on a hot, dry summer day

A

Heat transport by latent heat

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20
Q

The temperature of a rising air parcel

A

Always cools due to expansion

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21
Q

The earth emits radiation with greatest intensity at

A

Infrared wavelengths

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22
Q

The major process that warms the lower atmosphere

A

Convection

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23
Q

The main reason for warm summers in middle latitudes is that

A

The sun is higher and the days are longer

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24
Q

Which of the following is one of the main causes of the seasons:

a. The changing distance between the earth and the sun
b. The length of the daylight hours
c. A periodic reversal in global scale air circulation patterns
d. Land/ocean temperature contrasts

A

b. The length of the daylight hours

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25
Q

During the afternoon, the greatest temperature difference between the surface air and the air several meters above occurs on a

A

Clear, calm afternoon

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26
Q

The greatest temperature variation in daily temperature usually occurs

A

At the ground

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27
Q

In summer, humid regions typically have ________ daily temperature ranges and ________ maximum temperatures than drier regions.

A

Smaller; lower

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28
Q

The lowest temperature is usually observed

A

Around sunrise

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29
Q

In clear weather, the air next to the ground is usually ________ than the air above during the night, and ________ than the air above during the day.

A

Colder; warmer

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30
Q

One would expect the lowest temperatures to be found next to the ground on a

A

Clear, dry, calm night

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31
Q

Which of the following is not a reason why water warms and cools much more slowly than land?

a. It takes more heat to raise the temperature of a given amount of soil 1 degree C than it does to raise the temperature of water 1 degree C.
b. Solar energy penetrates more deeply into water.
c. Water has a higher heat capacity.
d. A portion of the solar energy that strikes water is used to evaporate it.

A

a. It takes more heat to raise the temperature of a given amount of soil 1 degree C than it does to raise the temperature of water 1 degree C.

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32
Q

Two objects have the same temperature. Object A feels colder to the touch than Object B. This is probably because the two objects have different

A

Thermal conductivities

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33
Q

This is used as an index for fuel consumption.

A

Heating degree days

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34
Q

How many heating degree days would there be for a day with a maximum temperature of 30 degrees F and a minimum temperature of 20 degrees F? (Assume a base temperature of 65 degrees F)

A

40 days

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35
Q

The wind-chill index

A

Relates body heat loss with wind to an equivalent temperature with no wind

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36
Q

When the air is saturated, which of the following statements is not correct?

a. The air temperature equals the wet-bulb temperature
b. An increase in temperature will cause condensation to occur
c. The relative humidity is 100%
d. The air temperature equals the dew point temperature
e. The wet bulb temperature equals the dew point temperature

A

b. An increase in temperature will cause condensation to occur

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37
Q

As the air temperature increases, with no addition of water vapor to the air, the dew point will

A

Remain the same

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38
Q

When naming clouds, the term “strato” means

A

Layer clouds

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39
Q

On a cold, calm autumn morning, the formation of fog above a relatively warm lake would most likely be

A

Steam fog

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40
Q

A large difference between the dry- and wet-bulb readings on a sling psychrometer indicates

A

Dry conditions

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41
Q

If the air temperature remains constant, evaporating water into the air will ________ the dew point and _________ the relative humidity.

A

Increase; increase

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42
Q

Which of the following would cause relative humidity to decrease?

A

Warming the air

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43
Q

Which city has the highest relative humidity?

A

City C (30 air temp and 30 dew point)

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44
Q

The atmospheric layer in which we live is called the

A

Troposphere

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45
Q

Almost 99% of the atmosphere lies within ____ km of the earth’s surface.

A

30

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46
Q

About 97% of the ________ in the atmosphere is found in the stratosphere where it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.

A

Ozone

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47
Q

Which of the following ingredients are needed for ozone formation in the stratosphere?

A

Oxygen molecules (O2) and oxygen atoms (O)

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48
Q

The flat top of a thunderstorm about 30,000 or 10 km high would mark the top of the

A

Troposphere

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49
Q

Much of Tibet lies at altitudes over 18,000 feet where the pressure is about 500 mb. At such altitudes, the Tibetans live above roughly what percent of the air molecules in the atmosphere?

A

50%

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50
Q

Warming in the stratosphere is mainly caused by

A

Absorption of UV radiation by ozone

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51
Q

In a volume of air near the earth’s surface, ________ occupies 78% and ________ nearly 21%.

A

Nitrogen; oxygen

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52
Q

Typically, water vapor occupies about what percentage of the air’s volume near the earth’s surface?

A

Less than 4%

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53
Q

The so-called “ozone hole” is observed above

A

Antarctica

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54
Q

In a temperature inversion, air temperature ________ with ________ height.

A

Increases; increasing

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55
Q

Inches of mercury (Hg) are commonly used units of

A

Atmospheric pressure

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56
Q

The instrument that measures temperature, pressure, and humidity in the vertical is the

A

Radiosonde

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57
Q

The gas that shows the most variation in concentration from place to place and from time to time in the lower atmosphere.

A

Water vapor (H2O)

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58
Q

Which of the following would remain constant if you traveled up through the troposphere?

A

Percentage oxygen concentration

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59
Q

A south wind blows from the

A

South

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60
Q

The amount of force exerted over an area of surface is called

A

Pressure

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61
Q

Which of the following is considered a variable gas in the earth’s atmosphere:
Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, all of the above?

A

Water vapor

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62
Q

The most abundant gas emitted from volcanoes is

A

Water vapor

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63
Q

In the stratosphere, the air temperature normally

A

Increases with increasing height

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64
Q

The most abundant gas in the stratosphere is

A

Nitrogen

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65
Q

True or false: Water vapor is invisible.

A

True

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66
Q

Which of the following weather elements always decreases as we climb upward in the atmosphere?

A

Pressure

67
Q

The number of air molecules in a given space or volume

A

Density

68
Q

The earth’s atmosphere is divided into layers based on changes in the vertical profile of

A

Air temperature

69
Q

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is relatively low compared to some of the other constituents. CO2 is important none the less because

A

It is a greenhouse gas

70
Q

Which of the following best determines the weather:

Air temperature, wind, air pressure, humidity, or all of the above?

A

All of the above

71
Q

The rate at which temperature decreases with increasing altitude

A

Lapse rate

72
Q

The greenhouse gas that has been increasing in concentration, at least partly due to deforestation.

A

Carbon dioxide

73
Q

Which below is not considered a greenhouse gas:

Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, oxygen, or nitrous oxide?

A

Oxygen

74
Q

The earth emits radiation with greatest intensity at

A

Infrared wavelengths

75
Q

The proper order from shortest to longest wavelength is

A

Ultraviolet, invisible, infrared

76
Q

Which of the following provides a measure of the average speed of air molecules:
Pressure, density, temperature, or heat?

A

Temperature

77
Q

The main reason for warm summers in middle latitudes is that

A

The sun is higher in the sky and we receive more direct solar radiation

78
Q

Which of the following is the poorest conductor of heat:

Snow, water, ice, still air, or soil?

A

Still air

79
Q

Which of the following is not a heat-transport process in the atmosphere:
Conduction, radiation, convergence, or convection?

A

Convergence

80
Q

Energy transferred by electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

81
Q

The earth’s radiation is often referred to as ________ radiation, while the sun’s radiation is often referred to as ________ radiation.

A

Longwave; shortwave

82
Q

Which of the following is an incorrect identification:
Black body=selective absorber, albedo=percent of radiation reflected from a surface, kinetic energy=energy of motion, or long-wave radiation=earth radiation?

A

Black body=selective absorber

83
Q

Heat is energy in the process of being transferred from

A

Hot objects to cold objects

84
Q

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers

A

Visible light

85
Q

A change of one degree on the Celsius scale is ________ a change of one degree on the Fahrenheit scale.

A

Larger than

86
Q

Which of the following is one of the main causes of the seasons?

A

The length of the daylight hours

87
Q

Energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

88
Q

If the amount of energy lost by the earth to space each year were not approximately equal to that received,

A

The atmosphere’s average temperature would change

89
Q

If the temperature of the air is said to be at absolute zero, one might conclude that

A

The molecules contain a minimum amount of energy

90
Q

Released as sensible heat during the formation of clouds

A

Latent heat

91
Q

Which of the following has a wavelength shorter than that of violet light?

A

Ultraviolet radiation

92
Q

Solar radiation reaches the earth’s surface as

A

UV, invisible, and infrared radiation

93
Q

The heat energy released when water vapor changes to a liquid

A

Latent heat of condensation

94
Q

Process causes rising air to cool

A

Expansion

95
Q

The major process that warms the lower atmosphere

A

Absorption of infrared radiation

96
Q

The temperature of a rising air parcel always _________ due to ________.

A

Cools; expansion

97
Q

The transfer of heat by molecule-to-molecule contact

A

Conduction

98
Q

The north-facing side of a hill in a mountainous region tends to:
Receive less sunlight during a year than the south-facing side, grow a variety of trees that are typically observed at higher elevation, be a better location for a ski run than the south-facing side, have snow on the ground for a longer period of time in winter compared to the south-facing side, or all of the above?

A

All of the above

99
Q

The horizontal transport of any atmospheric property by the wind

A

Advection

100
Q

The combined albedo of the earth and the atmosphere is approximately

A

30%

101
Q

A heat transfer process in the atmosphere that depends upon the movement of air

A

Convection

102
Q

The cold feeling that you experience after leaving a swimming pool on a hot, dry, summer day is

A

Heat transport by convection

103
Q

The thermometer that has a small dumbbell-shaped glass index marker in the tube

A

Minimum thermometer

104
Q

A radiation inversion is most commonly observed

A

Just above the ground

105
Q

In clear weather the air next to the ground is usually ________ than the air above during the night, and ________ than the air above during the day.

A

Colder; warmer

106
Q

A thermometer with a small constriction just above the bulb

A

Maximum thermometer

107
Q

The greatest variation in daily temperature usually occurs

A

At the ground

108
Q

How many heating degree-days would there be for a day with a maximum temperature of 30o F and a minimum temperature of 20o F? (Assume a base temperature of 65o F)
Hint: Average 30 and 20.

A

40

109
Q

Two objects A and B have the same mass but the specific heat of A is larger than B. If both objects absorb equal amounts of energy

A

B will become warmer than A

110
Q

The lag in daily temperature refers to the time lag between

A

The time of maximum solar radiation and the time of maximum temperature

111
Q

Which of the following is not a reason why water warms and cools much more slowly than land?

A

It takes more heat to raise the temperature of a given amount of soil 1o C than it does to raise the temperature of water 1o C.

112
Q

In most areas the warmest time of the day about 5 feet above the ground occurs

A

In the afternoon between 2 and 5pm

113
Q

This is used as an index for fuel consumption.

A

Heating degree-days

114
Q

The primary cause of a radiation inversion is

A

Infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s surface.

115
Q

True or false: If you travel from Dallas, Texas to St. Paul, Minnesota in January, you are more likely to experience greater temperature variations than if you make the same trip in July.

A

True

116
Q

An important reason for the large daily temperature range over deserts is

A

There is little water vapor in the air to absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation.

117
Q

In a hilly region the best place to plant crops that are sensitive to low temperatures is

A

Along the hillsides

118
Q

In summer, humid regions typically have ________ daily temperature ranges and ________ maximum temperatures than drier regions.

A

Smaller; lower

119
Q

During the afternoon the greatest temperature difference between the surface air and the air several meters above occurs on a

A

Clear, calm afternoon

120
Q

Wind machines can prevent surface air temperatures from reaching extremely low readings by

A

Mixing surface air with air directly above.

121
Q

Which of the following is generally true at night?

A

The earth emits more energy than it absorbs

122
Q

The wind-chill index

A

Relates body heat loss with wind to an equivalent temperature with no wind.

123
Q

One would expect the lowest temperatures to be found next to the ground on a

A

Clear, dry, calm night

124
Q

Ideal conditions for a strong radiation inversion are a

A

Clear, calm, dry winter night

125
Q

If you subtract the daily minimum from the daily maximum temperature you have the

A

Daily range of temperature

126
Q

Two object have the same temperature. Object A feels colder to the touch than object B. This is probably because the two objects have different

A

Thermal conductivities

127
Q

The lowest temperature is usually observed

A

Around sunrise

128
Q

Assuming that the night will remain clear, calm, and unsaturated, the predicted minimum temperature is 32o F. Suddenly the wind speed increases and remains gusty throughout the night. The minimum temperature will most likely be

A

Higher than predicted due to mixing

129
Q

Which of the following is generally true during the day?

A

The earth absorbs more energy than it emits

130
Q

Lines connecting points of equal temperature

A

Isotherms

131
Q

On a clear, calm, night, the ground and air above cool mainly by this process.

A

Radiation

132
Q

Thermal belts are

A

Warmer hillsides that are less likely to experience freezing conditions.

133
Q

True or false: The dew point temperature is a measure of the total amount of water vapor in the air.

A

True

134
Q

Which of the following tell you something about the altitude where a cloud has formed:
Cirro, nimbo, strato, or cumulo?

A

Cirro

135
Q

The percentage of water vapor present in the air compared to that required for saturation

A

Relative humidity

136
Q

A large difference between the dry- and wet-bulb readings on a sling psychrometer indicates ________ conditions.

A

Dry

137
Q 
Air Temperature (o F) and Dew Point (oF)
City A 95 76
City B 10 5
City C 30 30
City D 50 42
Which city has the greatest amount of water vapor in the air?
A

City A

138
Q

An anvil-shaped top is most often associated with

A

Cumulonimbus

139
Q

When naming clouds, the term “strato-“ or “stratus” means

A

Layer clouds

140
Q

If the air temperature remains constant, evaporating water into the air
will ________ the dew point and ________ the relative humidity.

A

Increase; increase

141
Q

At 40o F, the atmosphere is saturated with water vapor. If the air temperature increases to 60o F, with no addition or removal of water vapor, one may conclude that the dew point is about

A

40o F

142
Q

Which cloud type is composed of ice crystals and can cause a halo to form around the sun or moon?

A

Cirrostratus

143
Q

True or false: The total pressure inside a parcel of air is equal to the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.

A

True

144
Q

As the air temperature increases, with no addition of water vapor to the air, the dew point will

A

Remain the same

145
Q

Relative humidity changes with:
Addition of water vapor to the air, decreases in temperature, increases in temperature, removal of water vapor, or all of the above?

A

All of the above

146
Q

For frozen dew to form:
The dew point must be above freezing, the minimum temperature must fall to freezing or below, dew must form and then freeze, or all of the above?

A

All of the above

147
Q 
Air Temperature (o F) Dew Point (oF)
City A 95 76
City B 10 5
City C 30 30
City D 50 42
Which city has the highest relative humidity?
A

City C

148
Q

If water vapor comprises 3.5% of an air parcel whose total pressure is 1000 mb, the water vapor pressure would be

A

35 mb

149
Q

Particles that serve as surfaces on which water vapor may condense

A

Condensation nuclei

150
Q

When the air is saturated, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A

An increase in temperature will cause condensation to occur

151
Q

Which of the following statements is(are) correct?
The largest concentration of condensation nuclei are usually observed near the earth’s surface, wet haze restricts visibility more than dry haze, fog is actually a cloud resting on the ground, with the same water vapor content, fog that forms in dirty air is usually thicker than fog that forms in cleaner air, or all of the above?

A

All of the above

152
Q

The term “cirro” tells you something about cloud

A

Altitude

153
Q

As the air temperature increases, the air’s capacity for water vapor

A

Increases

154
Q

Frost forms when:
Objects on the ground cool below the dew point temperature, the dew point is 32o F or below, water vapor changes into ice without first becoming a liquid, or all of the above?

A

All of the above

155
Q

The (cumulo) cloud with the greatest vertical growth is

A

Cumulonimbus

156
Q

Light or moderate-but-steady precipitation is most often associated with ________ clouds.

A

Nimbostratus

157
Q

The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given volume (parcel) of air to the mass of the remaining dry air

A

Mixing ratio

158
Q

The cloud-like streamer often seen forming behind an aircraft flying at high altitude

A

A contrail

159
Q

On a cold, calm autumn morning the formation of fog above a relatively warm lake would most likely be ________ fog.

A

Steam

160
Q

What would cause relative humidity to decrease?

A

Warming the air

161
Q

Exhaled breath from your mouth in cold weather produces ________ fog.

A

Evaporation (mixing)

162
Q

Dew is most likely to form on

A

Clear, calm nights

163
Q

How do we change Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A

C = (F-32) / 1.8

164
Q

How do we change Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

F = (C*1.8) + 32

Meteorology (4 decks)

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