Exam 1 - Review Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Second Temple Period Date

A

o 516 BC – 70 AD

o When the Second Temple of Jerusalem existed

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2
Q

Babylonian Destruction Date

A

o 586 BC

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3
Q

Persian Defeat of Babylonia Date

A

o 539 BC

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4
Q

Persian Rule Dates and Life During Persian Rule

A
o	539 – 332 BC
o	The Jews were able to return to their homeland
o	Cyrus the Great allowed this to happen
o	Beginning of the Diaspora
o	New desire to keep the law
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5
Q

Ptolemaic Rule Dates and Life During Ptolemaic Rule

A
o	320 – 198 BC
o	Ptolemy I – one of Alexander the Great’s generals
o	Capital at Alexandria
o	Judea experienced freedom
o	Encroachment of Hellenistic Culture
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6
Q

Seleucid Rule Dates and Life During Seleucid Rule

A

o 198 – 167 BC
o Seleucus I – another general of Alexander the Great
o Jewish religion was persecuted
o The temple was destroyed

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7
Q

Date Pompey the Great Captured Jerusalem

A

o 63 BC

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8
Q

Date Jerusalem Fell and How It Affected Judaism

A

o 70 AD

o Worship changed from a temple to a synagogue

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9
Q

Dates of the Maccabean War and What Led to It

A
o	167 – 141 BC
o	Hasidim (pious ones); forerunners of the Pharisees
o	Jewish resistance
o	Tales of heroism
o	Open warfare
o	Mattathias 
	Cleansed and rededicated the temple
	Origin of the celebration of Hanukkah
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10
Q

Dates of the First Jewish Revolt and What Led to It

A
o	66 – 70 AD
o	In protest to Roman rule in Judea
o	Instigated by the Zealots
o	Small groups were met with harsh countermeasures
o	Jerusalem seized and temple destroyed
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11
Q

Dates of the Second Jewish Revolt and What Led to It

A

o 132 – 135 AD
o Under Emperor Hadrian, Rome wanted to found a Roman colony in Jerusalem, including Pagan worship
o Some Jewish religious practices banned
o Revolt led by Simon bar Kokhbah  sought to restore Jewish rule and the temple

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12
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

o The monarch of the Persian empire

o Allowed the Jews to begin returning to their homeland

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13
Q

Alexander the Great

A

o Defeated Persian on the Plain of Issus in 333 BC
o Ushers in the Hellenistic Period
o Died suddenly and relatively young
o Many people ruled over parts of his grand empire after his death

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14
Q

Antiochus IV

A
o	Antiochus Epiphanes
o	Sought to be worshipped
o	Defeated in Egypt by the Romans
o	Sought to exterminate Jewish religion
o	Desecrated the Temple
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15
Q

Mattathias

A

o A priest
o Father of Judas “Maccabeus”
o One of the founders of Hanukkah

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16
Q

Judas “Maccabeus”

A

o The Maccabean Revolt
o Cleansed and rededicated the temple
o Helped to found Hanukkah

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17
Q

Pontius Pilate

A

o Governor of Judea (prefect or procurator)
o Representative of Caesar – from 26 – 36 AD
o Oversaw the trial of Jesus and called for his crucifixion

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18
Q

Vespasian

A

o He and his son, Titus, led the Roman army against the Jews in the First Jewish Revolt

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19
Q

Titus

A

i. Conquered Jerusalem in 70 AD when the temple was destroyed

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20
Q

Pompey the Great

A
o	106 – 48 BC
o	Conquered Spain, Greece, Africa, and Syria
o	Rome could not successfully control the Middle East unless it controlled Judea
o	Aided by the Hasomonian Civil War
o	Liberated Greek settlements
o	Entered the Most Holy Place
o	Leveled the Walls of Jerusalem
o	Imposed harsh taxes
o	Conquered Jerusalem for Rome
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21
Q

Josephus

A

o First-century historian
o A history of the Jewish revolt – History of the Jewish War
o Early Jewish interpretation of Jewish History – the Antiquities of the Jews
o Earliest non-Christian reference to Jesus

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22
Q

Philo

A

o Greek-speaking Jewish Philosopher

o Lived in the Diaspora

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23
Q

Major Changes in Judaism during the Exile

A

a. Adoption of Aramaic
b. Diaspora: Jews living outside of Israel
c. Synagogues
d. Rabbis vs. Priests
e. Obedience to Torah vs. Sacrifices
f. Jewish Exclusivity
g. Temple did not retain former glory
h. Messianic Expeditions
i. Second Temple Period (515 BC – 70 AD)

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24
Q

Hellenism in Judea

A

a. Came as the result of Ptolemaic Rule
b. “Hellenism” – the influence of Greek culture
c. Jerusalem’s priests warned against it
d. Theatres, gymnasiums, clothing styles, customs
e. Cultural tensions
f. Koine Greek was the common language
g. Accepting or warning against

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25
Q

The Hasidim

A

o Pious ones
o Forerunners of the Pharisees
o Wanted religious purity and condemned the corruption of power

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26
Q

Hanukkah

A

Celebration developed by Maccabeus

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27
Q

The Hasmonean Dynasty

A

o 141 – 63 BC
o Family of Mattathias formed the Hasmonean Dynasty, the first Jewish dynasty in centuries
o First time since 586 BC that the Jews had genuine autonomy

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28
Q

The Sanhedrian

A

o Assemblies of twenty-three or seventy-one rabbis appointed to sit as a tribunal

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29
Q

The Torah

A

o The first five books of the Old Testament

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30
Q

The Apocrypha

A

o Ancient books that claim to be accompaniments to the Bible

o Not actually inspired by God

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31
Q

The Diaspora

A

o Jews living outside of Israel after the Babylonian Exile

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32
Q

Pseudepigrapha

A
  • o Spurious writings ascribed to various biblical patriarchs and profits but comprised approximately within 200 years of Jesus’ birth
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33
Q

The Dead Sea Scrolls

A

o Ancient Jewish religious manuscripts found in the Qumran Caves

34
Q

The Midrash, Targums, the Mishnah, and the Talmud

A
  • Bible commentaries
35
Q

The Senate

A

o The state council of the ancient Roman Republic and empire which shared legislative power with popular assemblies, administration with the magistrates, and judicial power with the knights

36
Q

Mystery Religions

A

o A religion centered on secret or mysterious rites for initiates, especially any of a number of cults
o Popular during the late Roman Empire

37
Q

Rhetoric

A

o The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing

38
Q

“Koine” Greek

A

o The common language of Hellenistic culture

39
Q

The Pax Romana

A

o The peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire

40
Q

Polytheism

A

o The belief in more than one god

41
Q

Herod the Great

A

i. 37-4 BC

ii. King of Judea when Jesus was born

42
Q

Herod Antipas

A

i. 4 BC – 39 AD
ii. Tetrarch of Galilee
iii. Tetrarch during Jesus’s life and ministry
iv. Married his niece Herodias, who was married to his brother
v. Had John the Baptist beheaded

43
Q

Herod Agrippa I

A

i. 37 – 44 AD
ii. Persecuted the Christian movement in Jerusalem
iii. Executed James, son of Zebedee
iv. Imprisoned Peter
v. Killed by an Angel of God
vi. Grandson of Herod the Great

44
Q

Five Main Geographical Regions of Israel

A
  • Coastal Plain
  • Coastal Hills
  • Central Mountains
  • Jordan Valley
  • Eastern Plain
45
Q

Coastal Plain

A

i. Extends from Mount Carmel to south of Gaza
ii. Multiple fishing villages
iii. Coastal cities
iv. Harbors and ports
v. Location of the Roman Political Administration
vi. Fertile soil

46
Q

Coastal Hills

A

i. Many small villages
ii. From Beersheba north to east of Caesarea
iii. Hills, then vertical cliffs after Mount Carmel
iv. Very fertile
v. Abundant rainfall
vi. Low valleys and hills
vii. Suitable for pasture
viii. Small villages

47
Q

Central Mountains

A

i. Extends from Hebron to Samaria
ii. Mountains made of limestone
iii. Rich soil
iv. Villages were built into the hillside
v. Farming was done in the valleys or on terraces
vi. Three great cities – Hebron, Jerusalem, and Shechem
vii. Location of Judea
viii. Center of Jewish life
ix. Also Samaria
x. Minor, poor villages

48
Q

Jordan Valley

A

i. Includes much of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea
ii. East of the mountains
iii. Wilderness, landscape
iv. Deep valley (almost 3,500ft)
v. Occasional oasis
vi. A common route from Galilee to Jerusalem

49
Q

Eastern Plain

A

i. Consists mainly of barren wilderness
ii. East side of the Jordan River
iii. Receives rainfall
iv. Grain crops
v. Location of Decapolis
vi. Includes the region of Perea
vii. Includes Petra and Damascus

50
Q

Pharisees

A

i. Uphold the law
ii. Believe strongly in the Resurrection
iii. Not really political
iv. Against Rome for religious reasons
v. Came out of the Hasidim movement
vi. Being separated from those who are not pious
vii. Oral tradition  not found in the Torah

51
Q

Sadducees

A

i. Souls die with the body
ii. The most powerful group at the time of Jesus
iii. Most powerful in the Sanhedrin
iv. Social status
v. The upper class
vi. The educated
vii. Possibly descendants of the Hasmoneans
viii. A little compromise with Rome

52
Q

Essenes

A

i. Live in isolation
ii. Separated from the Gentiles and the Jews
iii. Think that society as a whole is corrupt
iv. Believe in the Resurrection
v. Focus on corruption
vi. Don not focus on material goods
vii. Ascetics
viii. Strict practices: diet, cleaning, holiness

53
Q

Zealots (Fourth Philosophy)

A

i. Goal is to overthrow the Roman government
ii. Ready to resort to violence
iii. Jews, or anyone who agrees with Rome, must be killed

54
Q

Scribes

A

i. Educated
ii. Copy, interpret, and teach the law
iii. Adhere to the law
iv. Depends upon where you stand

55
Q

Samaritans

A

i. Had a separate temple and religion
ii. Have a Samaritan Pentateuch
iii. Worship on Mt. Gerizim
iv. Live in Samaria
v. Part of Israel
vi. Mixed race

56
Q

Herodians

A

i. Support the Herods
ii. Embrace Roman Hellenistic culture
iii. Support the emperor
iv. Benefit by Jewish cooperation with Rome

57
Q

Synagogues

A

a. The building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship ad instruction
b. Became popular in 70 AD after the destruction of the Second Temple
c. Center for religious and civic movements

58
Q

Septuagint

A

a. The Greek translation of the Bible
b. Roman numeral symbol: LXX
c. Translated by 74 people
d. The earliest Greek translation of the Bible from Hebrew
e. Included the Apocrypha

59
Q

Shame and Honor

A

a. Honor: status in the eye of significant people
b. Cannot control: age, gender, nationality, ethnicity, height, physical health, and economic health
c. Can control: religious piety, courage, virtuous behavior, and congenial or charitable dispositon

60
Q

Slaves

A

i. Considered to be property
ii. You can be born as a slave, captured as a prisoner of war, go voluntarily, or pay off a debt
iii. 90% of the population were poor 3% were rich

61
Q

Libertini

A

i. Free slaves
ii. Slaves that have bought or have been given freedom
iii. Have the stigma for their entire life

62
Q

Free Honestiores

A

i. The highest class of society
ii. Honor is only at the highest levels
iii. Senators

63
Q

Free Humiliores

A

i. People who were born free

64
Q

Patrons and Clients

A

i. Patron: wealthy people who have work done for them

ii. Client: made the patron look good in society

65
Q

Citizens and Aliens

A

i. If your parents were citizens, you were a citizen
ii. Participation in politics
iii. Just because you were born in the city did not mean that you were a citizen

66
Q

Family Social Structure in Rome

A

a. Father: makes all of the decisions
b. Women: can have honor depending upon their family and/or husband
c. Children: have potential for honor
d. Slaves: Have no honor

67
Q

Augustus

A

i. Octavian of Augustus Ceaser
ii. Established the Pax Romana
iii. Roman Emperor at the time of Jesus’ birth

68
Q

Tiberius

A

i. Emperor during the life and ministry of Jesus

69
Q

Nero

A

i. Was blamed for the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD
ii. Initiated the Roman persecution of Christians
iii. Had Peter and Paul executed

70
Q

Vespasian

A

i. He and his son Titus led the Roman army against the Jews in the First Jewish Revolt

71
Q

Titus

A

i. Conquered Jerusalem in 70 AD when the temple was destroyed

72
Q

Domitian

A

i. Continued to persecute Christians
ii. Ordered the exile of John
iii. The author of Revelations to the Agean island of Patmos

73
Q

Hadrian

A

i. Also spelled “Adrian”
ii. Renamed Jerusalem: “Aelia Capitolina”
iii. The Jews were forbidden to enter Jerusalem’s walls

74
Q

Contrasting Christianity, Judaism, and Paganism

A
  • Definition of the temple/location of worship
  • Nature of the priesthood
  • Morality/ethics
  • View of the divine
75
Q

Definition of the temple/location of worship

A

i. Pagans: images of gods, multiple temples
ii. Judaism: super important, where God’s presence was
iii. Christianity: wherever you are

76
Q

Nature of the Priesthood

A

i. Pagan: social, gave you money, honor; burn bones not meat; self-support
ii. Judaism: hereditary; tithe support; burn entire animal
iii. Christianity: no one was a priest

77
Q

Morality/Ehtics

A

i. Pagan: no standards; fulfill the rules that you’re supposed to
ii. Judaism: go hand in hand
iii. Christianity: go hand in hand

78
Q

View of the Divine

A

i. Pagan: gods; a give/get relationship; favor
ii. Judaism: an active relationship
iii. Christianity: God; creator and creation; we are not worthy

79
Q

Stoicism

A

i. The endurance of pain or hardship without the display of feelings and without complaint
ii. An ancient Greek school
iii. Founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium
iv. Said that virtue is the highest good and is based on knowledge
v. The wise live in harmony with the divine reason
vi. Indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune, pleasure, and pain

80
Q

Epicureanism

A

i. An ancient Greek school
ii. Founded in Athens by Epicurus
iii. Rejected determinism
iv. Advocated Hedonism
v. Mental pleasure was considered to be better than physical pleasure
vi. Ultimate pleasure: freedom from anxiety and mental pain