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biology 142 > exam 1 review guide > Flashcards

exam 1 review guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Linnaeus

A
  • species are fixed and eternal but varieties can arise due to environmental conditions
  • created binomial nomenclature
  • sought order in God’s creation
  • classified organisms based on similarities
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2
Q

Lyell

A
  • uniformitarianism: geological processes occur at the same rate that they did in the past
  • earth must be older than previously thought
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3
Q

George Cuvier

A
  • father of paleontology

- catastrophism: idea that if species were knocked out due to disaster, migrant populations would move in from nearby

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4
Q

lamarck

A
  • use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics
  • recognized similarities in fossils and believed organisms could change over time
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5
Q

Malthus

A
  • struggle for existence was due to population growth

- due to overpopulation, lack of resources, and irresponsible lower class

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6
Q

Wallace

A
  • traveled to amazon; shipwrecked

- looked at adaptations of butterflies to environment in Malaysia

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7
Q

Darwin

A
  • went on HMS beagle to study organisms; found how organisms adapted to differing environments
  • organisms in south america were different than in europe
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8
Q

effects of overpopulation

A
  • more individuals than resources can support
  • population size increases as all organisms reproduce
  • overpopulation leads to struggle of existence (only some survive)
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9
Q

natural selection

A
  • differential success in reproduction
  • acts upon existing varitation
  • certain traits give some organisms a higher chance of reproduction and survival
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10
Q

artificial selection

A

-combining two organisms with favorable traits to quickly increase the organisms in a population with favorable characteristics

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11
Q

how does selection act on populations

A
  • individuals cannot evolve
  • natural selection is not driven by anything
  • selection acts on phenotype but evolution changes allele frequencies
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12
Q

common ancestory

A

related through common ancestor

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13
Q

types of homology

A

-morphological, embryological, molecular

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14
Q

morphological homology

A

physical appearance of organisms

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15
Q

embryological homology

A

only can be observed at specific developmental stage

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16
Q

molecular homology

A

similarities in gene or protein sequence

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17
Q

vestigial structures

A

-structures that provide additional evidence of common ancestory; were important characters for ancestors but no longer serve function

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18
Q

evidence for natural selection

A

-homology, fossil record, biogeography

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19
Q

homology

A

-similarities in organisms resulting from common ancestry

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20
Q

requirement for organisms to be homologous

A

-must be a modification of the same character in a common ancestor

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21
Q

biogeography

A

-geographic distribution of species (closer=more likely related)

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22
Q

fossil record

A

-used to estimate ages of particular organisms found there

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23
Q

source of variation in populations

A

-mutations

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24
Q

population genetics

A

study of genetic variation within populations

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25
Q

population

A

-group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that share a common set of genes

26
Q

gene pool

A

collection of genes shared by individuals in a population

27
Q

genotype frequency

A

proportion of individuals in population with particular genotype

28
Q

allele frequency

A

proportion of particular allele in a population

29
Q

what does it mean when a population is in hardy weinberg

A

not evolving

30
Q

five conditions of hardy weinberg

A

-large population size (genetic drift), no migration (gene flow), no mutation, random mating, no selection

31
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

when individuals that are heterozygotes at a particular locus have greater fitness than both kinds of heterozygotes

32
Q

3 mechanisms that cause allele frequency change

A

-natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

33
Q

frequency dependent selection

A
  • fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in a population
  • selection favors the phenotype that is least common
34
Q

directional selection

A

-conditions favor individuals exhibiting on extreme of a phenotypic range

35
Q

diversifying selection

A

-occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediates

36
Q

stabilizing selection

A

-acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

37
Q

sexual selection

A

-individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others of the same species to get a mate

38
Q

why natural selection cannot create perfect organisms

A
  • acts on what is already present
  • evolution is random and adaptive
  • selection works on existing variants
39
Q

genetic drift

A
  • chance events that alter allele frequencies

- unpredictable changes

40
Q

bottleneck effect

A
  • severe drop in population size

- can decrease genetic variation

41
Q

gene flow

A
  • transfer of alleles between populations due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
  • tends to reduce genetic differences
42
Q

founder effect

A
  • when individuals become isolated from the larger population, the smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population
  • example: storm blows some members of a population to a new island
43
Q

polymorphism

A
44
Q

clinal variation

A
45
Q

the red queen effect

A

-the evolutionary arms race between predator and prey or parasite and host

46
Q

microevolution

A

-change in allele frequencies from generation to generation

47
Q

what is a species (BSC)

A

-group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms capable of producing fertile offspring

48
Q

prezygotic barriers

A
  • temporal (mate in different seasons)
  • habitat (live in different habitats)
  • behavioral(mating behaviors are important to mate with another organism)
49
Q

barriers that prevent hybridization if individuals of different species try to mate

A
  • mechanical : insect genitalia works like a lock and key to provide post mating block to fertilization
  • gametic isolation: post mating block to fertilization
50
Q

post fertilization blocks (postzygotic)

A
  • reduced hybrid viability
  • reduced hybrid fertility
  • hybrid breakdown
51
Q

problems with BSC

A
  • knowledge of mating habits is required
  • only applies to organisms that reproduce sexually
  • fossils
52
Q

morphological species concept

A
  • defines species based on physical appearance
  • not useful for species that all look alike (bacteria/protists)
  • there can be morphological variation in the same species
53
Q

behavior species concept

A
54
Q

pluralistic species concept

A

-different criteria can be applied to different organisms
genealogical or phylogenetic: species are irreducible clusters of organisms that are diagnosable distinct from other such clusters and within which is parental pattern of ancestry and descent
-fixed characters are evidence of reproductive isolation
-fixed characters cannot be found anywhere else
-drawback is sample size

55
Q

allopatric speciation

A

-requires geographic isolation

56
Q

sympatric speciation

A

-occurs without geographic speciation

57
Q

types of sympatric speciation

A
  • polyploidy (extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division)
  • sexual selection (mate preference can lead to speciation)
  • habitat differentiation (appearance of new ecological niches)
58
Q

how do errors in meiosis lead to sympatric speciation in plants (allopolyploid and autopolyploid)

A
  • nondisjunction (failure of chromosome separation)
  • autopolyploid: individual with more than two chromosome sets from a single species
  • allopolyploid: species with multiple sets of chromosomes from different species
59
Q

alternatives to hybrid zones

A

-reinforcement, fusion, stability

60
Q

relative fitness

A
  • contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals
  • indirectly acts of genotype
61
Q

intrasexual selection

A

-selection within same sax where individuals of one sex compete for mates of other sex

62
Q

intersexual selection

A

-individuals of one sex select their mates from other sex (mate choice)

biology 142 (4 decks)

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