chapter 22: descent with modification Flashcards
1
Q
binominal nomenclature for humans
A
homo sapiens
2
Q
closest non human relative
A
chimpanzee (pan troglodytes)
3
Q
misconceptions about evolution
A
- we used to be monkeys
2. man is most evolved species on earth
4
Q
homo neanderthalensis
A
species humans are likely closest related too
5
Q
why is evolution not a direct process
A
- not trying to make anything
- living organisms are product of evolution
6
Q
what did Anaximander believes about the evolution of living things
A
living things were made from water and man descended from fish
7
Q
what did Empedocles believe about the evolution of living things
A
living things assembled randomly from heads and limbs (the good combinations would survive)
8
Q
what did bonnet believe about the evolution of living things?
A
germs became activated by God creating them
9
Q
what did comte de buffon believe about the evolution of living things
A
organisms have internal mold that organizes their particles (mold arises via spontaneous generation)
10
Q
what did linnaeus believe about evolution of living things?
A
- species are fixed and eternal but varieties can arise as result of environmental conditions
- sought order in Gods creation
- organisms are arranged on basis of similarity
- created the binomial nomenclature system
11
Q
who was the father of modern taxonomy
A
linnaeus
12
Q
what is taxonomy
A
-identification, naming, and assignment of organisms to taxa (artificial rather than natural system)
13
Q
explain pattern vs. process
A
- pattern: observation that you make (statement of fact)
- process: proposed explanation for pattern (inference)
14
Q
the pattern in special creation
A
- all organisms were created independently
- species are immutable (unchanging)
- creation event occurred relatively recently
15
Q
how can the fossil record be explained (special creation)
A
- marine organisms in terrestrial environments were deposited by the flood in Genesis (Leonardo da vinci)
- extinct forms will eventually turn up
16
Q
what did charles lyell believe in
A
-uniformitarianism (geological processes today are the same as the ones that took place in the past)
17
Q
order of binomial nomenclature
A
-domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
18
Q
what were the key 3 observations about life from moths and butterflies?
A
- how organisms are suited for life in their environments
- shared characteristics of life
- rich diversity of life
19
Q
what did darwin come up with to explain the three key observations of moths and butterflies
A
-evolution: descent with modification or change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
20
Q
evolution can be a _____ or a ______
A
pattern; process
21
Q
how did Aristotle view species
A
- viewed them as fixed (unchanging)
- life is arranged on ladder of increasing complexity (scale of nature)
- his ideas were consistent with the idea that each species was created for a specific purpose (old testament)
22
Q
who developed the classification system for organisms
A
Linnaeus
23
Q
how did darwin think organisms should be classified
A
-darwin believed species should be classified based on evolutionary relationships
23
Q
how did darwin think organisms should be classified
A
-darwin believed species should be classified based on evolutionary relationships
24
why did Linnaeus want to classify life's diversity
- wanted to "for the greater glory of God"
| - thought species resemblance was due to pattern of creation
25
where are fossils found
sedimentary rocks
26
what are fossils
-remains or traces of organisms from the past
27
what are strata and why are they important
- strata are the layers of rock formed when new layers of sediment cover old ones
- important to show organisms that populated earth when the layers formed
- deeper strata may be revealed when erosion carves top layer
28
what is paleontology
study of fossils
29
who was the father of paleontology
george cuvier
30
importance of paleontology
-looks at how older strata differs from current life forms
-inferred extinction was occuring
boundaries in strata represent sudden catastrophic events
31
what did james hutton believe about earth's geological features
-could be explained by gradual mechanisms
32
what did charles lyell believe about geologic processes
they are still happening at the same rate
33
what was darwins claim about earth based on hutton and lyell's beliefs
the earth must be older than widely accepted age
34
lamarks hypothesis of evolution (remembered for his incorrect theories)
- use and disuse: parts of the body that are used become larger and not used one become smaller
- inheritance of acquired characteristics : organisms could pass on these modifications to offspring
35
what did lamarck think about the purpose of evolution
-was because organisms want to be more complex
36
what did darwin do on the hms beagle
- collected and observed plants and animals
- noticed how certain features made organisms suitable for the environment
- looked at the similarities between climates and species in south america and europe
37
darwins discoveries in the galapagos
- most of the species were unknown anywhere else in the world
- thought the Galapagos had been colonized by organisms that strayed from south america and diversified
38
what are adaptations
inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance survival and reproduction in specific environments
39
explain why the finches on the galapagos island are important
-beaks and behavior adapted to the environment
40
what is natural selection
process where individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates
41
natural selection explains 3 broad observations about nature
- unity of life
- diversity of life
- striking ways that organisms are suited for their environments
42
what is artificial selection
selection and breeding of individuals with desired traits (leads to little resemblance of organisms and their wild ancestors)
43
what is the importance of artificial selection
can create changes in a short period leading to more organisms with favorable conditions over time
44
does the individual evolve or do populations evolve
-populations
45
key features of natural selection
- can increase adaptations that are favorable
- may result in new adaptations for change in an organisms environment
- can amplify or diminish heritable traits
46
direct observations of evolutionary change
1. natural selection in response to introduced species
| 2. evolution of drug resistant bacteria
47
what happened with the soapberry bugs in central florida?
- if herbivores switch to different food source , they will have to adapt to the new conditons
- the soapberry bugs feed effectively when their beak length is similar to depth of seeds in fruit
- when they changed to a shorter seed depth, natural selection led to shorter beaks
48
importance of drug resistant antibiotics
49
3 important points of natural selection (based on evolution of drug resistant bacteria)
1. natural selection is an editing process not a creative mechanism
2. evolution can occur rapidly
3. natural selection depends on time and place
- important that the drug does not create resistance pathogens, it selects for resistant individuals that are already in the population
50
what is homology
- similarity from common ancestors
| - species can have characteristics that are similar but function differently
51
homologous structures
represent variations on structural theme that was present in common ancestor (share common ancestory but not function)
-ex. underlying skeletons of arms, forelegs, flippers, and wings
52
why do anatomical homologies not always show up in adult organisms
-they develop different functions and do not always happen at the same time
53
vestigial structures
remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors
54
analogous structures
-share similar function but not common ancestory
55
convergent evolution
independent evolution of similar features in different lineages (mammals can adapt to similar environments even though they evolved independently)
56
evolutionary tree
diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships and summarizes current understanding of patterns of descent
57
biogeography
scientific study of geographic distribution of species (affected by continental drift)
58
endemic species
- found no where else in the world
| - usually closest related species from nearest mainland or neighboring island
59
what was pangea
all earths landmasses were moved to single large continent; eventually broke apart
60
what is theoretical about darwins view of life
-natural selection is not the only way for evolution to occur
61
who believed in catastrophism and what is it
- George Cuvier
| - species in an environment are wiped out due to catastrophe; migrant species move into new environment
62
what did thomas malthus believe
-the struggle for existence - famine and poverty are result of unchecked population growth
63
-Malthus believed struggle of existence was due to what 3 factors :
1. overpopulation
2. lack of resources
3. irresponsible "lower class"
64
what did Alfred Wallace Russel do
traveled to amazon and shipwrecked
then went to malaysia and looked at butterflies and saw how the species that were adapted to their environments were more likely to survive
65
what does the origin of species explain
- evolution explains diversity of life
| - natural selection drives adaptive evolution
66
how does natural selection show differential success in reproduction
1. the environment acts upon variation in population
2. this generates organisms adapted to the environment
3. natural selection acts on individuals but populations or organisms evolve
4. selection can only act upon heritable variation
67
ideas of ernest mayr
1. if all organisms successfully reproduce population size will inevitably increase
2. populations tend to remain stable
3. resources are limiting factor
4. no two individuals are alike in given population
5. variation is heritable
68
evidence of evolution (3)
1. homology
2. the fossil record
3. biogeography
69
common ancestory
- species may start together but become separated by some event that creates two new species
- how closely two species are related depends on how long ago they had a common ancestor
70
homology
similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestory (must be modification of the same character in common ancestor)
71
types of homology
morphological
embryological
molecular
72
morphological homology
physical appearance of organism (same bones have been modified for different purposes)
73
embryological homology
subset of morphology that can only be observed at specific developmental stage
74
vestigial structures
provide additional evidence of common ancestry (coccyx, appendix, ostrich wings, eye sockets in cave fish)
75
what are pseudogenes
nonfunctional copies of genes
76
molecular homology
similarities in gene or protein sequence
77
evidence of evolution II - the fossil record
- fossil strata can estimate ages of organisms (radioactive decay and half life)
- appearance of organisms occurs in same chronological order as predicted by other evidence
78
evidence III- biogeography (geographic distribution of species)
- marsupials complete development in embryo
| - species tend to be more closely related to those nearby
