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EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is autorhythmicity?

A
  • Does not require conscious intervention to elicit cardiac muscle to contract
  • Sets its own rhythm without need for input from the nervous system
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2
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A
  • In upper atrium

- Slightly inferior and lateral to superior vena cava

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3
Q

Depolarization rate of SA node under normal conditions

A
  • 60+ times per minute

- Fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization

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4
Q

Where is the AV node located

A

Posterior and medial to tricuspid valve

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5
Q

Depolarization rate of AV node under normal conditions

A
  • ~40 times per minute

- Slower then SA node

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6
Q

Which node is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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7
Q

Parts of an ECG

A
  • P wave
  • QRS complex
  • T wave
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8
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of all cells in atria except SA node

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9
Q

QRS complex

A
  • Ventricular depolarization

- Masks atrial repolarization

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10
Q

Parts of QRS complex

A
  • Q wave
  • R wave
  • S wave
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11
Q

Q wave

A

First downward deflection

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12
Q

R wave

A

Large upward deflection

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13
Q

S wave

A

Following downward deflection

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14
Q

T wave

A
  • Occurs after S wave of QRS complex

- Ventricular repolarization

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15
Q

R-R Interval

A
  • Duration of generation and spread of action potential through heart
  • Can be measured to determine heart rate
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16
Q

P-R Interval

A
  • Time it takes for depolarization generated by SA node to spread through atria to ventricles
  • Includes AV node delay
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17
Q

Q-T Interval

A

Action potentials spread through ventricular cells

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18
Q

S-T Segment

A

Flat because it is recorded during plateau phase of ventricles

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19
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate under 60 BPM

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20
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate over 100 BPM

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21
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

Regular, fast rhythm

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22
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle

A
  • Ventricular filling phase
  • Isovolumetric contraction phase
  • Ventricular ejection phase
  • Isovolumetric relaxation phase
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23
Q

Which valves are closed during the ventricular filling phase?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

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24
Q

Which valves are closed during the isovolumetric contraction phase?

A

All 4 valves

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25
Q

Which valves are closed during the ventricular ejection phase?

A

AV valves

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26
Q

Which valves are closed during the isovolumetric relaxation phase

A

All 4 vavles

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27
Q

What produces the heart sounds

A

When the AV valves close and when the aortic and pulmonary valves close

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28
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

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29
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

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30
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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31
Q

End-systolic volume

A
  • ESV
  • Amount of blood in ventricle at the end of contraction
  • Afterload
32
Q

End-diastolic volume

A
  • EDV
  • Amount of blood in ventricle after is has filled during diastole
  • Preload
33
Q

Resting stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV

34
Q

Ejection fraction

A
  • Percentage of blood ejected with each ventricular systole
  • SV/EDV
  • Normally 50-65%
35
Q

Factors that influence stroke volume

A
  • Preload
  • Heart contractility
  • Afterload
36
Q

Preload

A
  • Length of sarcomeres in ventricular cells before they contract
  • Largely determined by EDV
37
Q

Factors that influence EDV

A
  • Length of diastole

- Venous return

38
Q

EDV increases when

A
  • Diastole is longer

- Venous return increases

39
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Outward force that blood exerts on walls of blood vessels

40
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

Any factor that hinders blood flow through vasculature contributes to overall resistance

41
Q

Where is resistance greatest?

A
  • Further away from the heart

- Vessels near heart contribute little to overall resistance

42
Q

What happens to blood pressure as peripheral resistance increases?

A

BP increases

43
Q

What happens to resistance when blood vessel radius changes?

A
  • Radius increases –> Resistance decreases

- Radius decreases –> Resistance increases

44
Q

How does viscosity impact resistance?

A

More viscosity has more resistance

45
Q

How does blood vessel length impact resistance?

A

Longer –> greater resistance

46
Q

What kind of nervous system stimulation causes vasoconstriction?

A

Sympathetic nervous system narrows blood vessels

47
Q

Components of blood

A
  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat
  • Erythrocytes
48
Q

Which component forms the majority of blood?

A

Plasma

49
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of blood by volume composed of erythrocytes

50
Q

What is plasma mostly made of?

A

90% water

51
Q

Shape of RBC

A

Biconcave disc

52
Q

Function of RBC

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through blood

53
Q

Where do RBC’s form?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in red bone marrow

54
Q

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

A

100-120 days

55
Q

How long does erythropoiesis take?

A

5-7 days

56
Q

What do HSCs differentiate into?

A

Progenitor cells called erythrocyte colony-forming units (CFUs)

57
Q

What do erythrocyte CFUs differentiate into?

A

Proerythroblasts

58
Q

What causes CFUs to differentiate into proerythroblasts?

A

When the kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin

59
Q

What do proerythroblasts become?

A

Erythroblasts

60
Q

What happens to erythroblasts?

A

They reject the shrinking nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte

61
Q

What happens to reticulocyte?

A

Becomes an erythrocyte

62
Q

Where do erythrocytes go to be destroyed?

A

Erythrocytes become trapped in sinusoids of spleen

63
Q

What happens to erythrocytes in the spleen?

A

Spleen macrophages digest erythrocytes

64
Q

Categories of leukocytes

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

65
Q

Which leukocytes are most common?

A

Neutrophils

66
Q

Which leukocyte is least common?

A

Basophils

67
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

Megakaryocytes

68
Q

What vitamin is needed for coagulation?

A

Vitamin K

69
Q

How do anticoagulants work?

A

They inhibit coagulation

70
Q

Anticoagulants

A
  • Antithrombin III
  • Heparin sulfate
  • Protein C
71
Q

Antithrombin III

A
  • Protein that binds and inhibits activity of both factor Xa and thrombin
  • Prevents activation of new thrombin
72
Q

Heparin sulfate

A

Polysaccharide that enhances antithrombin acitivity

73
Q

Protein C

A
  • Activated by protein S

- Catalyzes reactions that degrade clotting factors Va and VIIIa

74
Q

What is the vascular spasm?

A

Begins immediately when a blood vessel is injured and blood leaks into the extracellular fluid

75
Q

Why does vasoconstriction occur in the vascular spasm

A

Decreases local blood pressure and blood flow

76
Q

Steps of hemostasis

A

Vascular Spasm –> Platelet Plug Formation –> Coagulation –> Clot Retraction –> Thrombolysis

EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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