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EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 17: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 17: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
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2
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A
  • Pump blood into blood vessels and distribute oxygen throughout the body
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3
Q

Heart

A

A pump that contracts rhythmically to deliver blood to the body

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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

Subdivision of the thoracic cavity which houses the heart, great blood vessels, trachea, and esophagus

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5
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Subcavity of the mediastinum

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6
Q

Orientation of the heart

A
  • Apex points toward the left hip

- Flattened base on the posterior side

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7
Q

Chambers of the heart

A
  • Atrium (R & L)

- Ventricle (R & L)

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8
Q

Atrioventricular sulcus

A

An external indentation found at the boundary between the atria and ventricles

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9
Q

Interventricular sulcus

A
  • An external indentation found at the boundary between the ventricles
  • AKA interventricular groove
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10
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that bring blood to the heart

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11
Q

Veins that directly feed the heart

A
  • Superior/inferior vena cava

- Pulmonary veins

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12
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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13
Q

Arteries that connect directly to the heart

A
  • Pulmonary trunk

- Aorta

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14
Q

Great vessels

A

The main veins and arteries that transport blood toward and away from the heart

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15
Q

Circuits of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Pulmonary circuit

- Systemic circuit

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16
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Series of blood vessels which direct blood from the heart to the lungs to receive oxygen

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17
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Series of blood vessels which direct blood from the heart to the body to deliver oxygen

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18
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

In the alveoli

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19
Q

Alveoli

A
  • Tiny air sacs in the lungs

- Smallest vessels of the pulmonary circuit

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20
Q

Low-pressure circuit

A

Pulmonary circuit

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21
Q

High-pressure circuit

A

Systemic circuit

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22
Q

Functions of the heart

A
  • Pump blood
  • Maintain BP homeostasis
  • Atria acts as as an endocrine organ
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23
Q

What hormone do the atria produce?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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24
Q

Function of ANP

A

Lowers BP by decreasing sodium ion retention in the kidneys

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25
Q

Pericardium

A

The membranous structure surrounding the heart

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26
Q

Components of the pericardium

A
  • Fibrous pericardium

- Serous pericardium

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27
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

A tough outer layer that attaches the heart to surrounding structures

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28
Q

Serous pericardium

A

A thin inner serous membrane that produces serous fluid

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29
Q

What result do the collagen bundles in fibrous pericardium have?

A
  • Make it tough
  • Anchor the heart to surrounding structures
  • Low distensibility (doesn’t change shape when forces are applied)
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30
Q

Layers of the serous pericardium

A
  • Parietal pericardium

- Visceral pericardium

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31
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Encases the heart like a sac

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32
Q

What happens when the parietal pericardium reaches the great vessles

A

Folds under itself and attaches itself directly to the heart

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33
Q

Visceral pericardium

A
  • AKA epicardium

- Considered the most superficial layer of the heart wall

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34
Q

Important consideration about pericardium

A

Parietal and visceral pericardium are actually one continuous structure

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35
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space between parietal and visceral pericardia filled with pericardial fluid

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36
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

Serous fluid which fills the space between parietal and visceral pericardia

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37
Q

Function of pericardial fluid

A

Acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction as the heart moves

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38
Q

Layers of heart wall

A
  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
39
Q

Myocardium

A

Thickest heart wall layer

40
Q

Components of myocardium

A
  • Cardiac muscle tissue

- Fibrous skeleton

41
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Myocytes

42
Q

Fibrous skeleton of myocardium composition

A
  • Irregular collagenous connective tissue

- Located in regions that need additional support

43
Q

Fibrous skeleton of myocardium function

A
  • Giving cardiac myocytes something to pull on when they contract
  • Provide structural support
  • Act as an insulator for the heart’s electric activity
44
Q

Endocardium

A

Composed of endothelium and several layers of connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers

45
Q

Endothelium

A

A special type of simple squamous epithelium

46
Q

Function of endothelium

A

Regulate the concentration of electrolytes and other chemicals in the extracellular fluid of the myocardium

47
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Drains deoxygenated blood from most veins superior to the diaphragm

48
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Drains deoxygenated blood from most veins inferior to the diaphragm

49
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Receives deoxygenated blood pumped from the right ventricle

50
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

51
Q

Aorta

A
  • Supplies the entire systemic circuit with oxygenated blood

- Ascending aorta –> aortic arch

52
Q

Structural differences between atria and ventricles

A
  • Ventricles have thicker walls and are larger

- Thicker walls make them stronger pumps

53
Q

Differences between atria

A
  • Right atrium is large, thin-walled, and anterior

- Right atrium has a larger auricle

54
Q

Auricle

A

A muscular pouch found in each atrium

55
Q

Function of auricle

A

Expand to give the atria more space to hold blood

56
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Muscular ridges on the internal surface of the right atrium

57
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Thin wall which separates the atria

58
Q

Fossa ovalis

A
  • Small indentation in the interatrial septum

- Remnant of a hold in the fetal heart called the foramen ovale

59
Q

Function of foramen ovale

A

Direct blood from the right atrium directly to the left atrium

60
Q

Differences between right and left ventricles

A 
Right ventricle
- Thin wall
- Crescent-shaped
Left ventricle
- Thick wall
- Circular
61
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Ridged surface in each ventricle created by irregular protrusions of cardiac muscle

62
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Finger-like projections which attach by the chordae tendineae to the atrioventricular valves

63
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Tendon-like cords which connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves

64
Q

Interventricular septum

A

A thick, muscular wall separating the right and left ventricles

65
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

The valves between the atria and ventricles

66
Q

Right AV valve

A

Tricuspid valve

67
Q

Left AV valve

A
  • Bicuspid valve

- AKA mitral valve

68
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Prevent backflow into the ventricles
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Aortic valve
69
Q

Coronary Circulation

A
  • Blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart
  • Part of systemic circulation
70
Q

Coronary arteries

A
  • Right and left

- Immediate branches after the ascending aorta

71
Q

Marginal artery

A
  • The largest branch of the right coronary artery

- On the inferior margin of the heart

72
Q

Posterior interventricular artery

A
  • After marginal artery
  • Curls around to the posterior side
  • Travels in the posterior interventricular sulcus
73
Q

Anterior interventricular artery

A
  • AKA leeft anterior descending artery (LAD)

- Travels along the anterior interventricular sulcus

74
Q

Circumflex artery

A
  • Curves along the left AV sulcus and flexes around the heart
  • Supplies the left atrium and parts of the left ventricle
75
Q

Coronary sinus

A

A large venous structure on the posterior heart into which the majority of the heart’s veins empty

76
Q

Major veins supplying the coronary sinus

A
  • Great cardiac vein
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Middle cardiac vein
77
Q

Great cardiac vein

A
  • Ascends along the anterior interventricular sulcus
  • Then travels to the posterior side of the heart along the left AV sulcus
  • Drains the left atrium and much of both ventricles
78
Q

Small cardiac vein

A
  • Travels along the right AV sulcus

- Drains the right atrium and parts of the right ventricle

79
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A
  • Travels along the posterior interventricular sulcus

- Drains mostly the posterior left ventricle

80
Q

Plaques

A

Buildup of fatty material in the arteries

81
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A
  • CAD
  • Buildup of fatty material in the coronary arteries
  • Decreases blood flow to the myocardium, decreasing its oxygenation
82
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Decreased oxygenation due to decreased blood flow

83
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain

84
Q

Myocardial infarction

A
  • Heart attack
  • Occurs when plaques in the coronary arteries rupture
  • Clot forms that obstructs blood flow to the myocardium
85
Q

Coronary angioplasty

A
  • An invasive procedure during which a ballon is inflated in the blocked artery
  • A wire-mesh tubing (stent) is inserted to keep it open
86
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical excitation

87
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells which rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials

88
Q

Autorhthymicity

A

Sets its own rhythm without need for input from the nervous system

89
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Join adjacent cardiac muscle cells

90
Q

Selective gated ion channels

A
  • Voltage-gated sodium ion channels
  • Calcium ion channels
  • Potassium ion channels
  • Nonselective cation channels
91
Q

Voltage-gated sodium ion channels

A

Found in call cardiac muscle cells except certain pacemaker cells

92
Q

Calcium ion channels

A
  • Present in all cardiac muscle cells
  • Voltage-gated opening
  • Time-gated closing
93
Q

Potassium ion channels

A

Present in all cardiac muscle cells

94
Q

Nonselective cation channels

A
  • Unique to certain pacemaker cells
  • Activated by hyperpolarization
  • Allow sodium ions to enter the cell while potassium ions exit

EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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