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BioChemistry Exam 1 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is intramolecular forces another term for

A

Polar Interactions

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2
Q

What is intermolecular forces another term for

A

Non- covalent interactions

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3
Q

What is non covalent bonding another term for?

A

Intermolecular forces

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4
Q

What is the only IMF in non-polar interactions

A

London dispersion Forces (LDF)

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5
Q

What 2 scenarios must occur in order for H-bonds to exist ?

A

The H must be bonded to F,O, or N must an unshared pair of electrons

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6
Q

What do IMF effect

A

Melting point, viscosity and boiling point

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7
Q

Define organic molecule

A

contains Hydrocarbon (C&H)

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8
Q

Define inorganic molecule

A

does not contain hydrocarbon

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9
Q

Does the addition of carbons make a molecule more or less polar?

A

Less polar

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10
Q

Identify alcohol group

A

C-OH (ethanol)

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of living organisms? a. They are complex but highly organized. b. Are able to self-replicate c. They do not have the capacity to change over time. d. they have mechanisms for sending and responding to changes in the environment

A

C. They do not have the capacity to change over time. ( This is false they do have the capacity to change over time.)

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12
Q

What is biochemistry

A

The study of life at a molecule level.

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13
Q

A lipid bilayer separates cell content from the exterior, controls movement in and out of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane.

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14
Q

Define Plasma membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer separates cell content from the exterior, controls movement in and out of the cell.

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15
Q

Highly organized network inside cell liquid portion called cytosol many biochemical processes occur.

A

Cytoplasm.

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16
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Highly organized network inside the cell liquid called cytosol, many biochemical processes occur.

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17
Q

define the nucleus?

A

Information center of the cell DNA + RNA synthesis.

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18
Q

Information center of the cell DNA + RNA synthesis

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Produces 90% of energy

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

Define Mitochondria

A

Produces 90% of energy

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes that make up proteins

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22
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Produces lipids and Cholestarol

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23
Q

Studded with ribosomes that make up proteins

A

Rought Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Produces lipids and Cholestarol?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

Gogli Complex

A

Make up protein from RER more Specific + Short Term.

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26
Q

Make up proterin from RER more specific+ Shot term

A

Gogli Complex

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27
Q

Secretory granule

A

Vesicle budded off from golgi complex, waits for extracelllar signal to, fuse with plasma membrane+ Relase content.

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28
Q

Vesicle budded off from golgi complex, waits for extracelllar signal to, fuse with plasma membrane+ Relase content.

A

Secretory granule

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29
Q

Endosme

A

Vesicle Formed from contents taken in by cell (endocytosis)

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30
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzyme

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31
Q

Peroxisome

A

Contains Oxidative used to proctect cell

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32
Q

Contains Oxidative used to proctect cell

A

Peroxisome

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33
Q

Contains digestive enzyme

A

Lysosome

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34
Q

Vesicle Formed from contents taken in by cell (endocytosis)

A

Endosme

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35
Q

Which cell organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids?

A

Smoot ER.

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36
Q

Define Invivo

A

Experiment done in whole living organism.

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37
Q

Define Invitro

A

Eperiment performed in glass

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38
Q

Uses humans and other animals or plants. Difficult to control all variables

A

Invivo

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39
Q

Uses microrganisms cell or other biological compunds “outside: of normal enviroment”

A

Invitro

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40
Q

Helps dertemine cellular mechanisms, but doesnt tell the whole strory

A

Invitro.

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41
Q

How many bonds form Hydrogen?

A

1 bond

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42
Q

How many bonds form oxygen?

A

2 bonds

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43
Q

How many bonds form nitrogen?

A

3 bonds

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44
Q

How many bonds form carbon?

A

4 bonds

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45
Q

What are the four types of biomolecules?

A

Protein, nucleic acid, lipids and carbohydrates

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46
Q

The biomolecule protein is used for what function in the body?

A

Signaling molecules receptor enzymes structure, immunity.

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47
Q

Signaling molecules receptor enzymes structure immunity.

A

Protein

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48
Q

The biomolecule nucleic acid is used for what function in the body?

A

information keeper f cell deoxyribouncleic acid DNA and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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49
Q

Information keeper f cell deoxyribouncleic acid DNA and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Nucleic acid

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50
Q

what are lipids important for

A

inportnant for membrane energy storage.

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51
Q

Important for membrane energy storage?

A

Lipids

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52
Q

What are carbohydrates important for

A

Important source of energy, cell recognition.

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53
Q

What is a Methyl Group?

A

CH3

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54
Q

Identify an Phenyl Group

A

C6H5

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55
Q

Identify Ethyl Group

A

C2H6

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56
Q

Identify Acetyl Group

A

C2H3O

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57
Q

Identify an alcohol Group

A

C-OH ( Ethanol)

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58
Q

Identify aldehyde Group?

A

Carbonyl on the end

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59
Q

Identify Ketone

A

Carbonyl in the middle

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60
Q

What is intramolecular forces another term

A

Covalent interrations

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61
Q

What is intermolecular forces another forces another term for?

A

Non- covalent interactions

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62
Q

non-covalent bonding another term for?

A

Intermolecular forces

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63
Q

What is the only IMF in non-polar interactions?

A

London Dispersion Forces (LDF)

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64
Q

What 2 scenarious must occur in order fo H-bonding to exist?

A

H must be bonded to an F,O,N and the F,O,N must an unsharing pair of electrons.

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65
Q

What do IMF Affect?

A

Melting point, boiling point and viscosity.

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66
Q

Define Organic molecule

A

Contains Hydrocarbon (C+H)

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67
Q

Define inorganic molecule

A

Doesnt contain hydrocarbon (C+H)=0

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68
Q

Does the addition of carbons make a molecule more or less polar?

A

Less Polar (more non-polar )

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69
Q

What does oxidizing mean ?

A

Lose electrons

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70
Q

What does reducing mean?

A

Gaining electrons

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71
Q

In a redox reaction are the products of reactants being reduced/oxidize

A

Reactants

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72
Q

What is a product of dehydration?

A

Water

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73
Q

What is being removed in a dehydration

A

Water

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74
Q

What is a reaction with water?

A

Hydrolysis

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75
Q

What type of nutreint is required in gram quantities per day ?

A

Macronutrient

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76
Q

What type of nutrient is required in miligram quantities per day ?

A

Micronutrient

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77
Q

How do proteins differ from carbohydrate and lipids

A

They contan nitrogen.

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78
Q

How many Kcal in a gram of protein?

A

4

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79
Q

What maconutrient does the brain function most effeciently on?

A

Carbohydrates

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80
Q

What is the minimum amount of carboyhydates per day to survive?

A

130g/day

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81
Q

What is the product of dehydration

A

Water

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82
Q

What is being removed in a dehydration?

A

Water

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83
Q

What is a reaction with water

A

Hydolysis

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84
Q

Hydrolosis is when

A

water is the reactant

Break down of macromolecules

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85
Q

What occurs in a methylation reaction?

A

Addition of CH3

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86
Q

What occurs in phosphorylation ?

A

Addition of phosphate?

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87
Q

What is important for stabilizing ATP?

A

Magnesium is important for stabilizing the phosphate groups in ATP

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88
Q

What kind of bond is found in water?

A

Polar

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89
Q

What is required for hydrogen bonding to occur?

A

H-bonds only occur if F,O,N is available and they have unequal electrons.

(OH, CO,and NH )

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90
Q

What forms electrostatic interaction?

A

forces between ions if the same, they will repel

Forces between ions if they are different they will attract.

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91
Q

Van der Waals are what kind of forces?

A

are weak bonds

found in both polar and non-polar molecule

They are between unchaged particles.

92
Q

Hydrophobic interactions are between?

A

Between nonpolar molecules

They are the driving formation of phospholipids bilayers in membrane.

93
Q

Reaction mechanisms methalytion are important for?

A

DNA modification.

94
Q

Reaction mechanisms for phosphoralation are improtant for ?

A

Cell signaling

95
Q

Reaction mechanisms of Oxidation with primary alcohol ?

A

1acohol ->aldehyde-> carbonic acid

96
Q

Oxiadation of secondary alcohol

A

2alcohol-> Ketone

97
Q

How is the (H+) related to pH?

A

pH is a measure of free hydrogen ions (H+)

98
Q

In Acid ____pH ____(H+)

A

Low, High

99
Q

In Basic____pH and ____ (H+)

A

High pH and Low (H+)

100
Q

Are weak acids proton donars or Acceptors ?

A

Weak acids are protons (H+) Donars

Bases are protons (H+) acceptors

101
Q

Define monoprotic

A

Compound ion gain or loss 1 proton

102
Q

Diprotic

A

Ion gain or lose 2 protons

103
Q

Tripotic

A

Ion gain or lose 3 proton

104
Q

What happens when pA is below?

A

pH below pK =(H+) is still atracted

105
Q

What happens when pA is above?

A

pH above pK= (H+) is Lost

106
Q

What is acidosis

A

accumilation of acids or loss of base

107
Q

What is alkalosis ?

A

Accumilation of base pr loss of acid.

108
Q

What is the main Intracellular Buffer?

A

Intracellular buffer: proteins buffer system

Example (hemoglobin in RBC)

109
Q

What is the main extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate-carbonic buffer system

110
Q

How do we innately(naturlally) regulate pH in the body ? Chemical Buffer?

A

Chemical Buffers in the body fluids

Bicarbonate/carbonic acid system and proteins

Time: seconds to minutes.

111
Q

How do we innately(naturlally) regulate pH in the body ? Respiratory buffers?

A

Regulate CO2 concentration

TIme: minutes

112
Q

How do we innately(naturlally) regulate pH in the body ? Kidney?

A

Excretes acid or basic urine

TIme: hours to days.

113
Q

What is the difference between respiratory buffers and metabolic buffers?

A

Respiratory buffers control concentration of CO2

and

Renal buffers(chemical buffers) control concentration of (H+) or bicarbonate/cabornic acid system.

114
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Cause pH to decrease

115
Q

Respiratory alkosis

A

Causes pH to increase

116
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Loss of bicarbonate

117
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Gain of bicarbonate

118
Q

What is the EN of ionic bonding

A

>1.7 ( more than)

119
Q

What is the EN of polar covalent

A

0.41–1.7

120
Q

What is the EN of non-polar

A

0.0-0.4

121
Q

What bond is formed from inequally Sharing electrons and has an EN of 0.41-1.7?

A

non-polar covalent

122
Q

What force will you find in all molecules

A

vander Waals (LDF)

123
Q

A ketone is the product of which reaction type?

A

Oxidation of a sedondary alcohol

124
Q

Which of the follwoing contains a hydroxyl Group?

a. Carboxylic acid
b. Carboxylate
c. Aldehyde
d. Ether

A

a.Carboxyl Acid.

125
Q

Which of the following contains a carbonyl at the END of a carbon Chain?

A.Ketone

B.Ester

C.Aldehyde

D.Alcohol

A

Aldehyde

126
Q

T/F Reduction reactions are hydrogenation reactions

A

True

127
Q

Which is a cause for respiratory alkalosis

A

Chronic actacid use.

128
Q

Why is isomenzation?

A

Components with the same chemical formula BUT different configuration.

129
Q

What is Strucural isomers

A

Same chemical formula

Different order.

130
Q

What are stereoisomers

A

Components with the same molecular formation AND same order of attachment by different 3D figure.

131
Q

What are Entantiomers

A

nonsuperimposable “mirror images”

132
Q

What are diastereomers

A

Not mirror images

133
Q

Why are geometric isomers important to health ?

A

Cis-Fatty acids healthy and lower the risks of heart disease

Trans- Fatty acids are less healthly, are increased cuase of maturity.

134
Q

What is exergonic

A

Energy released

(cellular Respiration)

ATP—->ADP+Pi

135
Q

Endogonic

A

Energy required

(photosynthesis)

ADP+Pi–> ATP

136
Q
A
137
Q

What is the most abundant substance in living systems?

A

Water

138
Q

What are the functions of water in the body?

A

It acts as a solvent for minirals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and other molecules.

It REGULATES BODY TEMPURATURE through circulation from warm core to

139
Q

what are the functions of water in the body?

A

Its acts as a SOLVENT for minerals, Vitamins, amino Acids, Glucose and other molecules; It Regulates Body Tempurature through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaporation.

It TRANSPORTS nutrients and waste; it can be a reactant or a product in reaction, it can be AMPHOTERIC ( cant acts as an Acid or Base in reactions)

140
Q

Water can act as a _______ for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other molecules

A

Solvent.

141
Q

Water can ________ ____ ___________ through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaportation.

A

Regulates Body Tempurature.

142
Q

water can _________ nutrients and waste

A

Transport

143
Q

Water can be a ________ or a _______ in reaction

A

Reactant; Product

144
Q

Water can be __________, meaning it can act as an acid or base in reactions

A

Amphoeteric

145
Q

What does an increase in [H+] mean for pH?

A

Decrease

146
Q

What does a decrease in (H+) mean for pH?

A

Increase

147
Q

Define Volatile Acid

A

Has the ability to be turned into a gas and eliminated through lungs

148
Q

What is the most importana volitile acid

A

Carbonix acid (H2CO3<—> H2O+ CO2)

149
Q

Define non volatile Acid

A

Cannot be turned into a gas and must be eliminated through kidneys ?

150
Q

What are common non-volatilr acids?

A

End products of carb, protein and lipid metabolism.

151
Q

What is the most important base in vivo

A

Bicarbonate

152
Q

What is bicarbonate regualted by

A

Kidneys

153
Q

What types of foods are basic in nature when metabolized?

A

Fruits and vegetables

154
Q

Define Acidosis

A

Accumulation of acids or loss of base

155
Q

Define Alkalosis

A

Accumulation of base or loss of acid

156
Q

What is the usual cause of metabolic acidosis?

A

Loss of bicarbonate or excessive nonvolatile acids

157
Q

What is the useal cause of metabolic alkalosis

A

Excessive bicarbonate

158
Q
A
159
Q

What orgnas make up the digestive tract?

A

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small and large Intestine and accesorry oragns

(Salivary Glands, pancrease,, gallbladder and liver)

160
Q

What Stimulates peristalsis?

A

Distention( Law of the gut)

Irritation( chemical or physical)

and Parasympathetic nerve signaling

161
Q

How many nerves are in the enteric nervous system ?

A

100 million

162
Q

What does the enteric nervous system (ENS) control?

A

Movement and secretions

163
Q

What are the two divisions of the enteric nervous system?

A

Myentreric plexus

and

Submucosal plexus

164
Q

What does the myeteric plexus control ?

A

Movement (inhibitory action of the sphincters)

165
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus ?

A

Between longitudinal and circular muscles

166
Q

What does the submucosal plexus control

A

Secretions

167
Q

Where is the submucosal plecus?

A

Submucosa

168
Q

What neurotransmitter secreted by the enteric neurons is stimulatory ?

A

Acetylcholine

169
Q
A
170
Q

What neurotransmitter secreted by enteric neurons is inhibitory?

A

Norepinephrine

171
Q

What autonomic control of the GI tracts stimulates activity?

A

Parasympathetic

172
Q

What autonomic control of the GI Tract inhibits activity

A

Sympathetic

173
Q

What does chewing food increase?

A

Surface area

174
Q

What part of the mouth realeases saliva

A

Salivary Glands

175
Q

Saliva contain?

A

Water, electrolytes, enzymes and mucus

176
Q

What are the three important electrolytes in saliva

A

Na+, K+ and Cl-

177
Q

What macronutrients are digested in the mouth ?

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

178
Q

What is food+ saliva called?

A

Bolus

179
Q

what part of the brain regulats swallowing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

180
Q

Which sphincter is at the top of the esophagus?

A

Esophageal Sphincter.

181
Q

Where are the voluntary and involuntary muscles stimulates by the parasympathetic nerves?

A

Esophagus

182
Q

Which sphincter allows bolus to enter stomach?

A

Gastro-esophageal Sphincter

183
Q

What part of the stomach receives the bolus?

A

Cardia

184
Q

What part of the stomach is gas collector

A

Fundus

185
Q

What part of the stomach secretes gastic juice

A

body

186
Q

What part of the stomach is used for peristalsis?

A

Antrum

187
Q

What ae the 4 stomach cells

A

Neck cells, parietal cells, cheif cells and enteroendocrine cells

188
Q

What do neck cell secrete?

A

Mucus and bicarbonate

189
Q

What stomach cell sectretes mucus and bicarbonate

A

Neck cells

190
Q

What do parietal cells secrete

A

HCl and instrinsic factor.

191
Q

What stomach cell secretes HCl and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cell

192
Q

What do chief cell secrete enzymes (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)

A

Chief Cell

193
Q

What stomach cell secretes enzymes (pepsinogen and gastric lipase?

A

Chief Cell

194
Q
A
195
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

hormones–>Gastrin

196
Q

What stomach cell secretes Gastrin hormone

A

Enteroendocrine cells

197
Q

What hormone do G cells secrete

A

Gastrin

198
Q

What cell secretes gastrin

A

G cell

199
Q

What is the gastric juice+ bolus?

A

Chyme

200
Q

What is in gastric juice?

A

Water, electrolytes, intrinsic factor (needed to absorb B12) HCl(bacteriocide, denatures protein, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and releases nutrients from organic complexes) Enzyme ( digest proteins and lipids( composed of glycoprotein, glycolipids, water and bicarbonate)

201
Q

What macronutrients are digested in the stomach?

A

Lipids and Proteins

202
Q

What are the five peptide hormones affecting the stomach?

A

Gastrin, secretion, CCK gastric inhibitory peptide and motilin.

203
Q
A
204
Q

What is Gastrin effect on the stomach?

A

Stimulates HCL secretion mucosal growth and increses motility

205
Q

What hormone is stimulated for release form antrum distention?

A

Gastrin

206
Q

What hormone is stimulated for release form Vagus nerve impulses triggered by site/smell of food ?

A

Gastrin

207
Q

What hormone is stimulated for release from proteins?

A

Gastrin

208
Q

What is secretin’s effect on the stomach?

A

Stimulates pepsinogen sectetionn and drecreases gastric motility

209
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?

A

Tumor Causes excessive Increase in gastrin to be secreted

To much (H+) leads to ulcers and fatty stools

210
Q

How would you treat Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?

A

Treat by removing tumor and give largge H2 Blockers

211
Q

What hormone promotes hydrogen ion (H+) secretion by parietak cells?

A

Gastrin.

212
Q
A
213
Q

In responce to eating a meal _____ is secreted from G-cell ?

A

Gastrin

214
Q

What is the stimuli for secretion in Gastrin?

A

Small peptidesand amino acids distention of the stomach and vagal stimulation.

215
Q

What is the action for Gastrin?

A

Stimulates HCl secretion, mucosal growth and incease motility.

216
Q

Name two main surface of the entercyte?

A

Apical Surface

and

Basolateral Surface

217
Q

Microvilli show what distinct factors ?

A

Brush Borders.

218
Q

What is the function of the segmental part of the small instestine?

A

Mixes Chyme

Splits and moves in both directions

219
Q

What is the function of the peristaltic part of the small intestine?

A

Propel Chyme

and

Contraction behind relaxation.

220
Q

Oxyntic Glands ?

A

Located in body secretions released into stomach via ducts.

221
Q

Alterations in HCl secretions? Histamine?

A

Binds H2 receptors

222
Q

Alteration in HCl secretion? ACh

A

Released from vagus nerves innervating the gastric mucosa and binds directly to musarinic (M3) receptors in the parietal cells.

223
Q

Alteratuib in HCl secetion? Gastrine (endocrine) ?

A

Screted into the circulation by G cells in the stomach antrum.

Binds CCKb receptors and activates phospholipase C pathways.

224
Q

Steps in HCl secretion?

A

Cephalic–30% of HCl released in response to smell, sight, and taste of food.

Gastric– Distention stimulates 60% of HCl release

Intestinal phase: 10% HCl secreion due to protein digestive prosucts.

225
Q
A

BioChemistry Exam 1 (5 decks)

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