Exam 1 Review Flashcards
1
Q
what is intramolecular forces another term for
A
Polar Interactions
2
Q
What is intermolecular forces another term for
A
Non- covalent interactions
3
Q
What is non covalent bonding another term for?
A
Intermolecular forces
4
Q
What is the only IMF in non-polar interactions
A
London dispersion Forces (LDF)
5
Q
What 2 scenarios must occur in order for H-bonds to exist ?
A
The H must be bonded to F,O, or N must an unshared pair of electrons
6
Q
What do IMF effect
A
Melting point, viscosity and boiling point
7
Q
Define organic molecule
A
contains Hydrocarbon (C&H)
8
Q
Define inorganic molecule
A
does not contain hydrocarbon
9
Q
Does the addition of carbons make a molecule more or less polar?
A
Less polar
10
Q
Identify alcohol group
A
C-OH (ethanol)
11
Q
Which of the following is NOT a feature of living organisms? a. They are complex but highly organized. b. Are able to self-replicate c. They do not have the capacity to change over time. d. they have mechanisms for sending and responding to changes in the environment
A
C. They do not have the capacity to change over time. ( This is false they do have the capacity to change over time.)
12
Q
What is biochemistry
A
The study of life at a molecule level.
13
Q
A lipid bilayer separates cell content from the exterior, controls movement in and out of the cell.
A
Plasma membrane.
14
Q
Define Plasma membrane?
A
A lipid bilayer separates cell content from the exterior, controls movement in and out of the cell.
15
Q
Highly organized network inside cell liquid portion called cytosol many biochemical processes occur.
A
Cytoplasm.
16
Q
Define cytoplasm
A
Highly organized network inside the cell liquid called cytosol, many biochemical processes occur.
17
Q
define the nucleus?
A
Information center of the cell DNA + RNA synthesis.
18
Q
Information center of the cell DNA + RNA synthesis
A
Nucleus
19
Q
Produces 90% of energy
A
Mitochondria
20
Q
Define Mitochondria
A
Produces 90% of energy
21
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Studded with ribosomes that make up proteins
22
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Produces lipids and Cholestarol
23
Q
Studded with ribosomes that make up proteins
A
Rought Endoplasmic Reticulum
24
Q
Produces lipids and Cholestarol?
A
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
25
Gogli Complex
Make up protein from RER more Specific + Short Term.
26
Make up proterin from RER more specific+ Shot term
Gogli Complex
27
Secretory granule
Vesicle budded off from golgi complex, waits for extracelllar signal to, fuse with plasma membrane+ Relase content.
28
Vesicle budded off from golgi complex, waits for extracelllar signal to, fuse with plasma membrane+ Relase content.
Secretory granule
29
Endosme
Vesicle Formed from contents taken in by cell (endocytosis)
30
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzyme
31
Peroxisome
Contains Oxidative used to proctect cell
32
Contains Oxidative used to proctect cell
Peroxisome
33
Contains digestive enzyme
Lysosome
34
Vesicle Formed from contents taken in by cell (endocytosis)
Endosme
35
Which cell organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids?
Smoot ER.
36
Define Invivo
Experiment done in whole living organism.
37
Define Invitro
Eperiment performed in glass
38
Uses humans and other animals or plants. Difficult to control all variables
Invivo
39
Uses microrganisms cell or other biological compunds "outside: of normal enviroment"
Invitro
40
Helps dertemine cellular mechanisms, but doesnt tell the whole strory
Invitro.
41
How many bonds form Hydrogen?
1 bond
42
How many bonds form oxygen?
2 bonds
43
How many bonds form nitrogen?
3 bonds
44
How many bonds form carbon?
4 bonds
45
What are the four types of biomolecules?
Protein, nucleic acid, lipids and carbohydrates
46
The biomolecule protein is used for what function in the body?
Signaling molecules receptor enzymes structure, immunity.
47
Signaling molecules receptor enzymes structure immunity.
Protein
48
The biomolecule nucleic acid is used for what function in the body?
information keeper f cell deoxyribouncleic acid DNA and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
49
Information keeper f cell deoxyribouncleic acid DNA and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleic acid
50
what are lipids important for
inportnant for membrane energy storage.
51
Important for membrane energy storage?
Lipids
52
What are carbohydrates important for
Important source of energy, cell recognition.
53
What is a Methyl Group?
CH3
54
Identify an Phenyl Group
C6H5
55
Identify Ethyl Group
C2H6
56
Identify Acetyl Group
C2H3O
57
Identify an alcohol Group
C-OH ( Ethanol)
58
Identify aldehyde Group?
Carbonyl on the end
59
Identify Ketone
Carbonyl in the middle
60
What is intramolecular forces another term
Covalent interrations
61
What is intermolecular forces another forces another term for?
Non- covalent interactions
62
non-covalent bonding another term for?
Intermolecular forces
63
What is the only IMF in non-polar interactions?
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
64
What 2 scenarious must occur in order fo H-bonding to exist?
H must be bonded to an F,O,N and the F,O,N must an **unsharing pair of electrons.**
65
What do IMF Affect?
Melting point, boiling point and viscosity.
66
Define Organic molecule
Contains Hydrocarbon (C+H)
67
Define inorganic molecule
Doesnt contain hydrocarbon (C+H)=0
68
Does the addition of carbons make a molecule more or less polar?
Less Polar (more non-polar )
69
What does oxidizing mean ?
Lose electrons
70
What does reducing mean?
Gaining electrons
71
In a redox reaction are the products of reactants being reduced/oxidize
Reactants
72
What is a product of dehydration?
Water
73
What is being removed in a dehydration
Water
74
What is a reaction with water?
Hydrolysis
75
What type of nutreint is required in gram quantities per day ?
Macronutrient
76
What type of nutrient is required in miligram quantities per day ?
Micronutrient
77
How do proteins differ from carbohydrate and lipids
They contan nitrogen.
78
How many Kcal in a gram of protein?
4
79
What maconutrient does the brain function most effeciently on?
Carbohydrates
80
What is the minimum amount of carboyhydates per day to survive?
130g/day
81
What is the product of dehydration
Water
82
What is being removed in a dehydration?
Water
83
What is a reaction with water
Hydolysis
84
Hydrolosis is when
water is the reactant
Break down of macromolecules
85
What occurs in a methylation reaction?
Addition of CH3
86
What occurs in phosphorylation ?
Addition of phosphate?
87
What is important for stabilizing ATP?
Magnesium is important for stabilizing the phosphate groups in ATP
88
What kind of bond is found in water?
Polar
89
What is required for hydrogen bonding to occur?
H-bonds only occur if F,O,N is available and they have unequal electrons.
(OH, CO,and NH )
90
What forms electrostatic interaction?
forces between ions if the same, they will repel
Forces between ions if they are different they will attract.
91
Van der Waals are what kind of forces?
are weak bonds
found in both polar and non-polar molecule
They are between unchaged particles.
92
Hydrophobic interactions are between?
Between nonpolar molecules
They are the driving formation of phospholipids bilayers in membrane.
93
Reaction mechanisms methalytion are important for?
DNA modification.
94
Reaction mechanisms for phosphoralation are improtant for ?
Cell signaling
95
Reaction mechanisms of Oxidation with primary alcohol ?
1acohol -\>aldehyde-\> carbonic acid
96
Oxiadation of secondary alcohol
2alcohol-\> Ketone
97
How is the (H+) related to pH?
pH is a measure of free hydrogen ions (H+)
98
In Acid \_\_\_\_pH \_\_\_\_(H+)
Low, High
99
In Basic\_\_\_\_pH and ____ (H+)
High pH and Low (H+)
100
Are weak acids proton donars or Acceptors ?
Weak acids are protons (H+) Donars
Bases are protons (H+) acceptors
101
Define monoprotic
Compound ion gain or loss 1 proton
102
Diprotic
Ion gain or lose 2 protons
103
Tripotic
Ion gain or lose 3 proton
104
What happens when pA is below?
pH below pK =(H+) is still atracted
105
What happens when pA is above?
pH above pK= (H+) is Lost
106
What is acidosis
accumilation of acids or loss of base
107
What is alkalosis ?
Accumilation of base pr loss of acid.
108
What is the main Intracellular Buffer?
Intracellular buffer: proteins buffer system
Example (hemoglobin in RBC)
109
What is the main extracellular buffer?
Bicarbonate-carbonic buffer system
110
How do we innately(naturlally) regulate pH in the body ? Chemical Buffer?
Chemical Buffers in the body fluids
**Bicarbonate/carbonic acid system and proteins**
**Time: seconds to minutes.**
111
How do we innately(naturlally) regulate pH in the body ? Respiratory buffers?
Regulate CO2 concentration
TIme: minutes
112
How do we innately(naturlally) regulate pH in the body ? Kidney?
Excretes acid or basic urine
TIme: hours to days.
113
What is the difference between respiratory buffers and metabolic buffers?
Respiratory buffers control concentration of CO2
and
Renal buffers(chemical buffers) control concentration of (H+) or bicarbonate/cabornic acid system.
114
Respiratory acidosis
Cause pH to decrease
115
Respiratory alkosis
Causes pH to increase
116
Metabolic acidosis
Loss of bicarbonate
117
Metabolic Alkalosis
Gain of bicarbonate
118
What is the EN of ionic bonding
\>1.7 ( more than)
119
What is the EN of polar covalent
0.41--1.7
120
What is the EN of non-polar
0.0-0.4
121
What bond is formed from inequally Sharing electrons and has an EN of 0.41-1.7?
non-polar covalent
122
What force will you find in all molecules
vander Waals (LDF)
123
A ketone is the product of which reaction type?
Oxidation of a sedondary alcohol
124
Which of the follwoing contains a hydroxyl Group?
a. Carboxylic acid
b. Carboxylate
c. Aldehyde
d. Ether
a.Carboxyl Acid.
125
Which of the following contains a carbonyl at the END of a carbon Chain?
A.Ketone
B.Ester
C.Aldehyde
D.Alcohol
Aldehyde
126
T/F Reduction reactions are hydrogenation reactions
True
127
Which is a cause for respiratory alkalosis
Chronic actacid use.
128
Why is isomenzation?
Components with the same chemical formula BUT different configuration.
129
What is Strucural isomers
Same chemical formula
Different order.
130
What are stereoisomers
Components with the same molecular formation AND same order of attachment by different 3D figure.
131
What are Entantiomers
nonsuperimposable "mirror images"
132
What are diastereomers
Not mirror images
133
Why are geometric isomers important to health ?
Cis-Fatty acids healthy and lower the risks of heart disease
Trans- Fatty acids are less healthly, are increased cuase of maturity.
134
What is exergonic
Energy released
(cellular Respiration)
ATP----\>ADP+Pi
135
Endogonic
Energy required
(photosynthesis)
ADP+Pi--\> ATP
136
137
What is the most abundant substance in living systems?
Water
138
What are the functions of water in the body?
It acts as a solvent for minirals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and other molecules.
It REGULATES BODY TEMPURATURE through circulation from warm core to
139
what are the functions of water in the body?
Its acts as a SOLVENT for minerals, Vitamins, amino Acids, Glucose and other molecules; It Regulates Body Tempurature through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaporation.
It TRANSPORTS nutrients and waste; it can be a reactant or a product in reaction, it can be AMPHOTERIC ( cant acts as an Acid or Base in reactions)
140
Water can act as a _______ for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other molecules
Solvent.
141
Water can ________ \_\_\_\_ ___________ through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaportation.
Regulates Body Tempurature.
142
water can _________ nutrients and waste
Transport
143
Water can be a ________ or a _______ in reaction
Reactant; Product
144
Water can be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, meaning it can act as an acid or base in reactions
Amphoeteric
145
What does an increase in [H+] mean for pH?
Decrease
146
What does a decrease in (H+) mean for pH?
Increase
147
Define Volatile Acid
Has the ability to be turned into a gas and eliminated through lungs
148
What is the most importana volitile acid
Carbonix acid (H2CO3\<---\> H2O+ CO2)
149
Define non volatile Acid
Cannot be turned into a gas and must be eliminated through kidneys ?
150
What are common non-volatilr acids?
End products of carb, protein and lipid metabolism.
151
What is the most important base in vivo
Bicarbonate
152
What is bicarbonate regualted by
Kidneys
153
What types of foods are basic in nature when metabolized?
Fruits and vegetables
154
Define Acidosis
Accumulation of acids or loss of base
155
Define Alkalosis
Accumulation of base or loss of acid
156
What is the usual cause of metabolic acidosis?
Loss of bicarbonate or excessive nonvolatile acids
157
What is the useal cause of metabolic alkalosis
Excessive bicarbonate
158
159
What orgnas make up the digestive tract?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large Intestine and accesorry oragns
(Salivary Glands, pancrease,, gallbladder and liver)
160
What Stimulates peristalsis?
Distention( Law of the gut)
Irritation( chemical or physical)
and Parasympathetic nerve signaling
161
How many nerves are in the enteric nervous system ?
100 million
162
What does the enteric nervous system (ENS) control?
Movement and secretions
163
What are the two divisions of the enteric nervous system?
Myentreric plexus
and
Submucosal plexus
164
What does the myeteric plexus control ?
Movement (inhibitory action of the sphincters)
165
Where is the myenteric plexus ?
Between longitudinal and circular muscles
166
What does the submucosal plexus control
Secretions
167
Where is the submucosal plecus?
Submucosa
168
What neurotransmitter secreted by the enteric neurons is stimulatory ?
Acetylcholine
169
170
What neurotransmitter secreted by enteric neurons is inhibitory?
Norepinephrine
171
What autonomic control of the GI tracts stimulates activity?
Parasympathetic
172
What autonomic control of the GI Tract inhibits activity
Sympathetic
173
What does chewing food increase?
Surface area
174
What part of the mouth realeases saliva
Salivary Glands
175
Saliva contain?
Water, electrolytes, enzymes and mucus
176
What are the three important electrolytes in saliva
Na+, K+ and Cl-
177
What macronutrients are digested in the mouth ?
Carbohydrates and lipids
178
What is food+ saliva called?
Bolus
179
what part of the brain regulats swallowing?
Medulla Oblongata
180
Which sphincter is at the top of the esophagus?
Esophageal Sphincter.
181
Where are the voluntary and involuntary muscles stimulates by the parasympathetic nerves?
Esophagus
182
Which sphincter allows bolus to enter stomach?
Gastro-esophageal Sphincter
183
What part of the stomach receives the bolus?
Cardia
184
What part of the stomach is gas collector
Fundus
185
What part of the stomach secretes gastic juice
body
186
What part of the stomach is used for peristalsis?
Antrum
187
What ae the 4 stomach cells
Neck cells, parietal cells, cheif cells and enteroendocrine cells
188
What do neck cell secrete?
Mucus and bicarbonate
189
What stomach cell sectretes mucus and bicarbonate
Neck cells
190
What do parietal cells secrete
HCl and instrinsic factor.
191
What stomach cell secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
Parietal cell
192
What do chief cell secrete enzymes (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)
Chief Cell
193
What stomach cell secretes enzymes (pepsinogen and gastric lipase?
Chief Cell
194
195
What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?
hormones--\>Gastrin
196
What stomach cell secretes Gastrin hormone
Enteroendocrine cells
197
What hormone do G cells secrete
Gastrin
198
What cell secretes gastrin
G cell
199
What is the gastric juice+ bolus?
Chyme
200
What is in gastric juice?
Water, electrolytes, intrinsic factor (needed to absorb B12) HCl(bacteriocide, denatures protein, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, and releases nutrients from organic complexes) Enzyme ( digest proteins and lipids( composed of glycoprotein, glycolipids, water and bicarbonate)
201
What macronutrients are digested in the stomach?
Lipids and Proteins
202
What are the five peptide hormones affecting the stomach?
Gastrin, secretion, CCK gastric inhibitory peptide and motilin.
203
204
What is Gastrin effect on the stomach?
Stimulates HCL secretion mucosal growth and increses motility
205
What hormone is stimulated for release form antrum distention?
Gastrin
206
What hormone is stimulated for release form Vagus nerve impulses triggered by site/smell of food ?
Gastrin
207
What hormone is stimulated for release from proteins?
Gastrin
208
What is secretin's effect on the stomach?
Stimulates pepsinogen sectetionn and drecreases gastric motility
209
What is Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?
Tumor Causes excessive Increase in gastrin to be secreted
To much (H+) leads to ulcers and fatty stools
210
How would you treat Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?
Treat by removing tumor and give largge H2 Blockers
211
What hormone promotes hydrogen ion (H+) secretion by parietak cells?
Gastrin.
212
213
In responce to eating a meal _____ is secreted from G-cell ?
Gastrin
214
What is the stimuli for secretion in Gastrin?
Small peptidesand amino acids distention of the stomach and vagal stimulation.
215
What is the action for Gastrin?
Stimulates HCl secretion, mucosal growth and incease motility.
216
Name two main surface of the entercyte?
Apical Surface
and
Basolateral Surface
217
Microvilli show what distinct factors ?
Brush Borders.
218
What is the function of the **segmental** part of the small instestine?
Mixes Chyme
Splits and moves in both directions
219
What is the function of the peristaltic part of the small intestine?
Propel Chyme
and
Contraction behind relaxation.
220
Oxyntic Glands ?
Located in body secretions released into stomach via ducts.
221
Alterations in HCl secretions? Histamine?
Binds H2 receptors
222
Alteration in HCl secretion? ACh
Released from vagus nerves innervating the gastric mucosa and binds directly to musarinic (M3) receptors in the parietal cells.
223
Alteratuib in HCl secetion? Gastrine (endocrine) ?
Screted into the circulation by G cells in the stomach antrum.
Binds CCKb receptors and activates phospholipase C pathways.
224
Steps in HCl secretion?
Cephalic--30% of HCl released in response to smell, sight, and taste of food.
Gastric-- Distention stimulates 60% of HCl release
Intestinal phase: 10% HCl secreion due to protein digestive prosucts.
225
