Exam 1 Review Flashcards
What are the blood pressure medications used for pregnant mothers?
hydralazine or labetalol
What happens to the baby of a mother with gestational diabetes?
Can be macrosomic and have congenital anomolies.
When is HcG detected?
In urine–7 days.
In serum– 8-10 days
Can a pregnant mother have sex?
Yes, unless ROM has occurred.
Describe contraction frequency.
The time from when start of one contraction to the start of the next contraction.
What is Goodell’s sign?
Softening of cervix.
What is quickening?
Initial awareness of the mother.
Define term. (GTPAL)
Number of pregnancies that were carried to term ( 38-42 weeks).
Define gravida. (GTPAL)
Number of pregnancies.
What is Naegele’s Rule?
First day of last menstrual cycle add seven days and then count back three months.
What does a full bladder do to labor?
It slows labor down!
What is the mother at risk for with an ectopic pregnancy?
Hemorrhage.
Define para.
Number of pregnancies at least 20 weeks.
What can happen to a mother who has hyperemesis gravidarum?
She can lose weight, become dehydrated, electrolyte imbalances.
Can you do cervical checks if placenta aprevia occurs?
NO!
What are signs and symptoms of placenta precvia?
Bright red vaginal bleeding with NO pain.
What needs to be monitored when a mother is on oxytocin?
Duration and frequency of uterine contractions. It is important for the mother to have a resting period.
What does progesterone cause?
Smooth muscle relaxant. It causes growth in mammary ducts for preparation of lactation.
What is lightening?
When the fetus drops into the pelvis.
What is the function of Hpl?
It is an insulin antagonist. It increases glucose in pregnancy.
What are presumptive pregnancy signs?
Amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, breast soreness
Describe HELLP Syndrome?
Hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelets. (Less than 100,000)
What are positive signs of pregnancy?
Ultrasound at 6th week
Fetal heart rate at 12th week
Fetal movement at 18th week
What is the fetus’s position if placenta previa occurs?
Breach or transverse lie.
Dried beans are a good source of what?
Iron.
What is placenta previa?
The placenta is partially or completely covering the cervix.
What is magnesium sulfate’s therapeutic level?
5-8
What is the fourth stage of labor?
Expulsion of placenta to homeostasis.
What is the purpose of relaxin?
It relaxes pelvic muscles and joints in preparation for childbirth.
What happens in active labor?
There are cervical changes.
What is an incompetent cervix?
The cervix dialates too early.
What are probable signs of pregnancy?
positive pregnancy test, Chadwick’s sign, Hegar’s sign, Goodell’s sign, uterine enlargement, bollotment.
What happens to the breasts during pregnancy?
They become enlarged and tender. The areola becomes darker.
What is the purpose of oxytocin?
It induces uterine contractions in labor and is a “milk letdown”.
What is the third stage of labor?
Birth to expulsion of the placenta.
What are the signs and symptoms of placenta abruptio?
Abrupt onset of pain, board-like abdomen, immediate dark red vaginal bleeding.
What is the first stage of labor?
From the beginning of contractions to the full dilation of the cervix.
What needs to be assessed at the first prenatal visit?
Social and financial resources including family involved and adequate transportation.
What does the skin feel like for the mother who is experiencing Vena Cava Syndrome?
Cool and damp.
Describe contraction duration.
The time from the start of one contraction to the end of that same contraction.
What are the cardinal movements?
Engagement, Descent, Flexion, Internal rotation, Extrusion.
What causes urinary frequency in the third trimester?
The fetus is putting pressure on the bladder.
Describe what a cerclage is.
Purse string suture (in diamond shape) to close the cervix.
What is placenta abruptio?
Premature separation from the uterine wall.
What is the antidote for magnesium sulfate?
Calcium gluconate.
What is the treatment for Vena Cava Syndrome?
Re-position on the left side and change positions frequently.
What is the purpose of HcG.
It maintains corpus luteum until placenta is functional.
What is the mother’s focus on during the first trimester?
Nausea and vomiting, and all the other discomforts.
When are iron supplements taken?
At night.
Why are Braxton Hicks contractions not considered true labor?
These contractions do not cause dilation and effacement.
Why is dehydration so dangerous for a pregnant mother?
Because it can cause preterm labor.
How do you treat VEAL CHOP?
With POOF! P - Position change O - Administer oxygen O - Stop oxytocin F - Fluids need to be discontinued
What happens to the ovaries during pregnancy?
They take a break! There is no ovulation!
Why can’t a mother begin pushing before they are in the transition stage of labor?
Because there is a bigger chance of tearing or lacerations.
What is the normal range for fetal heart rate?
110-160 beats per minute.
When is a vaginal birth after c-section contraindicated?
If the mother has had a previous uterine rupture of vertical incision.
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
The egg did not plant into the uterus.
What is the treatment for an incompetent cervix?
A cerclage.
Describe a molar pregnancy.
Grapelike clusters in the uterus.
What is Hegar’s sign?
Softening of lower uterus.
Define linea nigra.
Hyperpigmented line of the abdomen from from the symphosysis pubis to the top of the fundus.
What are sources of iron and calcium?
Organ meat, sardines, fish, legumes, enriched breads, dark greens, milk
What are some good ways to prepare young children on becoming a sibling?
Picture books, attend antepartal visits and sibling preparation classes.
What two hormones maintain pregnancy?
Estrogen and progesterone.
What are signs and symptoms of severe pre-eclampsia?
Elevated blood pressure, (3+) proteinuria, edema and urine output less than 30 mL/hr.
When does nausea and vomiting usually diminish?
After 13-14 weeks, usually after the first trimester.
Define abortions. (GTPAL)
Number of elective or spontaneous abortions less than 20 weeks.
When can the cerclage be removed?
About 36 weeks when the fetus has matured.
How do you determine true labor?
Have the mother ambulate and see if the contractions stop.
Define telangietasis.
Vascular spiders.
How much does the mother’s heart rate increase during pregnancy?
10-15 beats per minute.
Define cholasma.
Darkening skin on the face.
What is the second phase of labor?
Full dilation to birth.
What can cause placenta abruptio?
Use of cocaine, multiple fetuses, PROM, and smoking.
What are Braxton Hicks?
Contractions that are intermittent and irregular.
What needs to be monitored after an epidural is given?
Hypotension.
What needs to be monitored closely for a patient who is on magnesium sulfate?
Respiratory rate. (Should not be less than 12/ minute)
What is Vena Cava Syndrome?
Dizziness or syncope related to the fetus laying on and putting pressure on the inferior vena cava.
Eating 6 small meals a day.
Eating dry carbs in the morning.
Avoiding spicy foods.
Having good posture.
These are all ways to…
Avoid or decrease heart burn.
What happens immediately after ROM?
Check the fetal heart rate and monitor for infection by checking the temperature every 2 hours.
What causes nasal congestion or nose bleeding during pregnancy?
Elevated estrogen levels.
What does a Quad screen test for?
HcG, estriol, estrogen, inhibin A. (tests for down syndrome – Trisomy 21)
What is eclampsia treated with?
Magnesium sulfate.
Define striae graidarum.
Stretch marks.
When does an epidural have to be administered?
During the active phase of labor.
Define living. (GTPAL)
Number of living children.
What supplement decreases the risk of neural tube defects?
Folic acid.
Can a pregnant mother change cat litter?
NO!
How long must a woman be on birth control after a molar pregnancy?
One full year.
What does prolactin do?
Causes milk production.
What are the five P’s?
Passenger Pathway Powers Position Psychologic response
Describe VEAL CHOP
Variable Decels=Cord Compression (bad)
Early Decels=Head Compression (ok)
Accelerations= (ok)
Late Decels=Placenta Insufficiency (bad)
When can a rubella vaccine be given to a pregnant women?
Never!!
When a patient has all signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia, what is the next step?
Put them on seizure precautions.
What is the at home treatment for mild eclampsia?
Bedrest and blood pressure at home.
Can a pregnant mother take baths?
Yes unless ROM has occurred.
When can a mother start pushing?
When the the cervix is fulling dilating and 100% effaced.
What happens to the cardiac output during pregnancy?
It increase 10 % by 5 weeks and then up to 50 % by 34 weeks gestation.
What is Chadwick’s sign?
Increased vascularity of cervix and uterus.
When can you not induce use oxytocin to augment labor?
When the fetus is in the wrong position
If the mother is pre-term
If the mother has placenta previa
When does lightening usually occur?
About 36 weeks.
Define preterm. (GTPAL)
Number of pregnancies that were carried to preterm (28-37 weeks).
Describe effacement.
Shortening and thinning of the cervix in length.
Where is gallstone and constipation pain felt by the pregnant mother
Right upper quadrant.
When does quickening usually occur?
About 16-22 weeks.
