Exam #1 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Biosphere
A
the entire portion of earth inhabited by life
2
Q
Ecosystem
A
all organisms in a given area and abiotic factors interacted with
3
Q
Communities
A
populations living close enough for possible interaction
4
Q
Population
A
groups of the same species
5
Q
Organism
A
1 individual in a population
6
Q
Tissue
A
an integrated group of cells with common structure and function
7
Q
Cell
A
smallest living things that can use energy and reproduce
8
Q
Organelle
A
membrane enclosed with special functions suspended in the systol of eukaryotic cells
9
Q
Matter
A
anything that takes up space and has mass
10
Q
Element
A
a simple substance that can’t be broken down into smaller pieces
11
Q
Compound
A
two or more elements that are chemically combined
12
Q
Atom
A
smallest non-living unit
13
Q
What are the 6 elements found in biomolecules?
A
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur
14
Q
What are the biomolecules?
A
hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
15
Q
Hydrocarbon Elements
A
carbon and hydrogen
16
Q
Alcohol Elements
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
17
Q
Carbohydrate Elements
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
18
Q
Lipid Elements
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
19
Q
Protein Elements
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
20
Q
Nucleic Acid Elements
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
21
Q
What does the atomic number tell you?
A
How many protons the element has
22
Q
Valence
A
how many electrons the atom needs to be happy
23
Q
Octet Rule
A
atoms always want to have 8 electrons and be happy
24
Q
The chemical bonds strongest to weakest?
A
covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der waals forces
25
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
attractive force between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another one
25
Ions
more electronegative atom takes electrons from another element so now they are oppositely charged
26
Polarity
when atoms/molecules become unbalanced, so a negative and positive pole is formed on the molecule
27
Covalent Bond
sharing of electrons by a pair of atoms
28
Ionic Bond
when a cation and anion bond
29
Hydrogen Bond
noncovalent attraction with a hydrogen atom and an atom that needs 1 electron
30
Van Der Waals Interaction
ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable everything to bond at least briefly, super close together
31
What is the difference between the charge and the poles?
charge describes the whole molecule and poles are localized areas of the molecule that have the respective charge
32
pH
how acidic or alkalinity something is based on the concentration of H- atoms
33
Single Bond
1 pair of shared electrons
34
Double Bond
2 pairs of shared electrons
35
Triple Bond
3 pairs of shared electrons
36
Forming bonds requires...
energy
37
the more bonds...
the more energy required
38
breaking bonds releases energy...
the same amount it took to form it
39
Hydroxyl group
a functional group that is polar which is an oxygen atom covalently bonded with a hydrogen (-OH)
40
Isomers
compounds with the same number of atoms and same elements as normal, but have different structures (alcohols, carbs, and lipids)
41
Hexose
sugar with six carbon atoms in a ring (glucose)
42
Pentose
sugar with 5 carbon atoms in a ring
43
Monosaccharides
a single sugar molecule
44
Disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction)
45
Polysaccharides
macromolecules with 100s or 1000s or monosaccharides
46
forming bonds...
requires energy
47
breaking bonds...
releases energy
48
Dehydration Reaction
reaction where a water molecule is lost
49
What are the two primary uses of polysaccharides by plants and animals?
energy storage and structural support
50
How does the structure of starch affect its function?
Its linear or branched structure helps it coil up making it compact and easy to access in the leaves of plants
51
How does the structure of cellulose affect its function?
Its rigid structure allows plants to stand upright, found in plant cell walls
52
Amylose
a linear polysaccharide in plants used to break up starch so it can be used as energy and a thickening agent, hard to digest
53
Amylopectin
water-insoluble polysaccharides made by plants, store glucose for later use, more digestible
54
Glycogen
Polysaccharides found in animals that store glucose for later is digestible
55
Cellulose
a polymer in plant cell walls used for structure and not digestible
56
Hydrophobic
doesn't like water
57
Hydrophilic
loves water
58
Polar
having poles
59
Nonpolar
has no electrical charge
60
Fatty Acid
carboxylic acid that is the building blocks of body fat and fat in food
61
Carboxyl Group
functional groups with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.
62
Saturated Fat
a type of fat where the fatty acid chains have single bonds between the carbon atoms (butter), solid at room temp
63
Unsaturated Fat
fats or fatty acids with at least one double bond in their fatty acid chain liquid at room temp
64
Polyunsaturated Fat
a fatty acid with more than one carbon-carbon double bond, liquid at room temp
65
Transfats
unsaturated fats with trans double bonds (functional groups on the opposite side of the double bond)
66
What is meant by cis vs trans in fats?
cis means the functional groups are on the same side and trans means that they are on opposite sides
67
Cholesterol
a waxy substance found in every cell of the body and helps make hormones, digest fatty foods, and regulate cell function
68
Why is cholesterol hydrophobic?
because it is made of hydrocarbons that are non-polar
69
Structure of Alcohols
carbon in the middle with two hydrogens and OH with R
70
Structure of Linear Carbohydrate
CHO in line form kinda looks like a tree
71
Structure of Hexose Carbohydrate
6 carbons in a circle with oxygen and hydrogen
72
Structure of Pentose Carbohydrate
5 carbons in a ring with hydrogen and oxygen
73
Monosaccharide Structure
one pentagon or hexagon with oxygen and hydrogen
74
Disaccharide Structure
two hexagons or pentagons connected with CHO
75
Polysaccharide Structure
a bunch of hexagons or pentagons connected
76
Triglyceride Structure
three fatty acid chains made up of CH2 connected with glycerol made of CHO
77
Cholesterol Structure
4 hexagon shapes with a tail of CH, zoomed out looked like a phospholipid bilayer tbh
78
Phospholipid Structure
a head and a tail, two fatty acids with a glycerol and a phosphate on top
79
What are phospholipids used for in the cell membrane and liver?
in the cell membrane, breaks down cholesterol, and prevents accumulation of fat in the liver
80
What does amphipathic mean and why is it important for phospholipids?
means one end is hydrophilic (polar) and one end is hydrophobic (non-polar) which is why they can sandwich and make a cell membrane
81
What are the types of protein?
antibodies, structural, contractile, enzymes, hormonal, transport and storage
82
Enzyme
biological catalysts to speed up reactions inside the cells
83
Catalyst
starts/speeds up a chemical reaction
84
Amino Acid
building blocks of proteins
85
What are the three groups in an amino acid and what are their different physical properties?
amino group- bonds with other amino acids to make protein, carboxyl group- other side of bonds to make proteins (peptide bond), side chain (r group)- gives it its identity has different polarities, charge, and size
86
amino acid pic
house with chimney and mailbox - carbon in the middle with amino group on one side and carboxyl group on the other and r chain below and hydrogen above
87
Why are r groups in amino acids important?
they give the amino acid its chemical nature
88
What is a peptide bond?
covalent reaction that connects amino acids to make proteins
89
Polypeptide
bunch of amino acids
90
What are large polypeptides called?
proteins
91
Primary Protein Structure
chain of amino acids
92
Secondary Protein Structure
makes a pleated sheets or a helix
93
Tertiary Protein Structure
3-d folding pattern
94
Quaternary Protein Structure
has more than one chain
95
Denaturation
when a protein loses its folded structure
96
Chaperonin Proteins
type of chaperone protein able to recognize and correct a misfolded protein
97
Chaperone Proteins
assist in the initial assembly of a protein during synthesis, can do everything
98
What determines the amino acid sequence of a protein?
determined by the nucleotide sequence of the gene that codes for it (genetic code)
99
What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA and what 2 sugars are involved?
DNA is double-stranded and RNA is a single-strand, DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose
100
What role does a phosphate play in DNA and RNA?
it links the nucleotides together and gives structural support
101
What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?
A, G, C, T, U
102
A pairs with (DNA)
T
103
T pairs with
A
104
A pairs with (RNA)
U
105
U pairs with
A
106
G pairs with
C
107
C pairs with
G
108
What bonds hold the template and complementary strands together?
hydrogen bonds
109
Why are RNA and DNA "acids"?
because they have phosphates where they can donate H-
110
Central Dogma of Biology
DNA-RNA-Protein
111
How much of our DNA are genes that can be encoded and expressed?
1-2%
112
Physiological pH
pH needed to catalyze a reaction
