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Sensation and Perception > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

The process of being aware of something through the senses (how you make sense of sensory signals)

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2
Q

Sensation

A

A physical feeling resulting from something that happens to or comes in contact with the body. Refers to the biological process of receiving sensory signals.

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3
Q

Proximal Stimulus

A

The stimulus that interacts with your physical body

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4
Q

Proximal stimulus example

A

sound waves hitting your skin

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5
Q

Distal Stimulus

A

the stimulus that evokes the proximal stimulus, and is what you percieve.

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6
Q

Distal Stimulus example

A

piano string struck by a hammer and making sound

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7
Q

Senses other than your normal five

A

Proprioception, Body Movement, Pain, Temperature, ect.

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8
Q

How many neurons do we have?

A

about 100 billion

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9
Q

Transduction

A

stimulation from the environment has a direct impact on the ion channels of cells

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10
Q

every sense has a __________

A

Transducer

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11
Q

White Matter=

A

Axons

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12
Q

Grey Matter=

A

cell bodies

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13
Q

Most sensory signals are routed through the _________

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

“Bottom Up” Signals

A

begins with sensory data and goes up to the brain

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15
Q

“Top Down” Signals

A

feedback from brain areas. How knowledge influences perception

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16
Q

Signal Detection

A

a person’s stimuli ability to discriminate the presence and absence of a stimulus from the criterion the person uses to make responses to those stimuli

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17
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the smallest level you can detect

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18
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

involved in personality, characteristics, decision making, and movement

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19
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Helps identify objects and understand spatial relationships. Also involved with pain and touch in the body

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20
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision center

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21
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Involved in short term memroy, speech, musical rhythm, and smell recognitioin

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22
Q

Dorsal Visual Pathway

A

The “Where” and “How” Pathway

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23
Q

where does the dorsal visual pathway start and end?

A

Begins in V1 and ends in the Parietal Lobe

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24
Q

what is the dorsal visual pathway responsible for?

A

the localization of objects in space for action-oriented behaviors that depend on the perception of space

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25
Q

What happens if the dorsal visual pathway gets damaged?

A

Would have trouble with spatial perception and perception of complex movement

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26
Q

Dorsal Visual Pathway parts

A

Parison RGCs -> Magnocellular Layes of LGN -> V1 -> Thick Bands V2 -> MT (motion) -> Parietal Cortex (percieving space and motion; coordinating visual-motor interactions)

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27
Q

Ventral Visual Pathway

A

The “What” Pathway

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28
Q

Where does the Ventral Visual Pathway start and end?

A

Starts in V1 and ends in the inferior temporal cortex

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29
Q

What is the ventral visual pathway involved with?

A

the visual recognition of objects

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30
Q

what happens if the ventral visual pathway is damaged?

A

Visual agnosias will occur such as impairments in contrast, sensitivity, form, color vision, depth perception, face perception, and route-finding

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31
Q

visual agnosia

A

a condition where a person can see but cannot regonize or interpret visual information

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32
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

a small region on the inferior of the temporal lobe that is involved wit hthe recognition of faces

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33
Q

Prospagnosia

A

the inability to recognize faces- happens when FFA is damaged

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34
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

A

a sub-region of the parahippocampal cortex that lies medially in the inferior-temporo-occipial cortex that is involved with place recognition

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35
Q

Topographic agnosia

A

the inability to recognize places- occurs when PPA is damaged

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36
Q

Ventral Visual Pathway parts

A

Bistratified and midget RGCs -> Koniocellular layers of LGN -> V1 -> Thin or pale bands V2 -> V4 (form and color) -> Inferotemporal cortex (object recognition)

37
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the JND is proportional to the standard of comparison

38
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

Ratio of intensity of a stimulus and the intensity of the absolute threshold. ext. of weber’s law

39
Q

Steven’s Power Law

A

rejects the idea of a uniform constant

40
Q

Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques

A

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

41
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Temporal Resolution: Very High
Spatial Resolution: Low
Extent of Coverage: mostly limited to the cortex

42
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Temporal Resolution: Very High
Spatial Resolution: Mid
Extent of Coverage: mostly limited to the cortex

43
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Temporal Resolution: Very Low
Spatial Resolution: often low-mid
Extent of Coverage: varies, limited to a particular chemical

44
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Temporal Resolution: Low
Spatial Resolution: High
Extent of Coverage: whole-brain

45
Q

Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) aka Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

A

Temporal Resolution: Low
Spatial Resolution: High
Extent of Coverage: Mostly limited to the surface of the cortex

46
Q

Single unit recording and stimulation

A

Temporal Resolution: very high
Spatial Resolution: very high
Extent of Coverage: very limited

47
Q

Casual Inference

A

The process of drawing a conclusion that a specific treatment was the cause of the effect that was observed

48
Q

casual inference example

A

taking an aspirin caused your headache to go away

49
Q

Temporal precision

A

the ability to distinguish neighboring points. Reflects information content

50
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

the number of time measurements per unit time. defined by sampling rate

51
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness- focal point happens in front of the retina and there is a long optic axis

52
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness- focal point happens behind the retina and there is a short optic axis

53
Q

Astigmatism

A

misshaped cornea and images focus at multiple points on the retina

54
Q

presbyopia

A

elasticity of the lens

55
Q

Cataracts

A

clouding of the lens. It can be treated with surgery

56
Q

Glaucoma

A

Intraocular pressure is too high, leading to cell damage

57
Q

Floaters

A

Deposits that form within the vitrous humor

58
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Damage to the photoreceptors in the macula.

Dry Form: degeneration of pigment epithelium
Wet Form: blood vessels start growing underneath the retina causing scaring

59
Q

Retinis Pigmentosa

A

Genetic condition resulting in gradual degeneration of photoreceptors

60
Q

Superior and Infterior Rectus direction

A

up and down

61
Q

Medial and lateal rectus direction

A

left and right

62
Q

inferior and superior oblique direciton

A

side to side (like a steering wheel)

63
Q

Cornea function

A

protection

64
Q

Retina Function

A

converts light to electrical signals for the brain through the optic nerve

65
Q

Choroid Function

A

provides nutrients and regulates the temperature of the retina, helps control pressure in the eye, and absorbs excess light to avoid refleciton

66
Q

Sclera Function

A

strength and protection for the eye

67
Q

Pupil Function

A

Regulates how much light enters the eye.

Big Pupil = dim lighting
Little Pupil = bight lighting

68
Q

Iris Function

A

contains muscles that expand and contract the pupil

69
Q

Lens Funciton

A

helps focus on objects from varying distances

Thick Lens = Closer object
Thin Lens = Farther object

70
Q

Ciliary Body Function

A

These fibers pull on/relax the Zonule fibers that control the thickness of the lens depending on object distance

71
Q

Optic Nerve Function

A

Transfers electrical signals from the retina to the brain

72
Q

Pathway through the Retina

A

Light -> Rods and Cones -> horizontal cells -> bipolar cells -> amacrine cells -> Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs)

73
Q

V1 Cells

A

the first of the cortical regions to receive and process information

74
Q

V1 cells are sensitive to stimuli in addition to orientation such as:

A

-color
-direction
-speed of motion
-length
-size
-binocular disparity

75
Q

Population is ________ for V1 cells

A

Crucial

76
Q

What structure is found in V1

A

the LGN

77
Q

Preferred orientation of V1 cells are _______ to nearby cells and follow a specific pattern

A

similar

78
Q

V5 Cells aka MT (motion)

A

direction and speed

79
Q

Intraparietal Sulcus

A

visually-guided aciton

-eye movements
-reaching
-grasping

80
Q

Lateral Occipital Cortex (LOC)

A

meaningful shapes- specialization within Inferotemporal Cortex

81
Q

V4 Cells

A

Color and curvature

82
Q

V4 cells have a ________ receptive field than other visual areas

A

larger

83
Q

Properties of object selective responses in V4

A

Position Invariance and Context Invariance

84
Q

Perceptual Grouping

A

represented by the synchrony of oscillations in neural activity

85
Q

Perceptual Interpolation

A

assuming the lines continue on an image even if we don’t see them

86
Q

Boarder Ownership

A

can tell the difference between two image regions

87
Q

Figure vs. Ground

A

being able to tell the difference between the background and the foreground

88
Q

Assigning Figure vs. Ground

A

-Depth
-Surrounded
-Gestalt Principles:
-Symmetry
- Convexity
-Meaningfulness
- Simplicity

Sensation and Perception (2 decks)

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