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Sensation and Perception > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

The process of being aware of something through the senses (how you make sense of sensory signals)

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2
Q

Sensation

A

A physical feeling resulting from something that happens to or comes in contact with the body. Refers to the biological process of receiving sensory signals.

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3
Q

Proximal Stimulus

A

The stimulus that interacts with your physical body

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4
Q

Proximal stimulus example

A

sound waves hitting your skin

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5
Q

Distal Stimulus

A

the stimulus that evokes the proximal stimulus, and is what you percieve.

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6
Q

Distal Stimulus example

A

piano string struck by a hammer and making sound

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7
Q

Senses other than your normal five

A

Proprioception, Body Movement, Pain, Temperature, ect.

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8
Q

How many neurons do we have?

A

about 100 billion

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9
Q

Transduction

A

stimulation from the environment has a direct impact on the ion channels of cells

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10
Q

every sense has a __________

A

Transducer

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11
Q

White Matter=

A

Axons

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12
Q

Grey Matter=

A

cell bodies

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13
Q

Most sensory signals are routed through the _________

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

“Bottom Up” Signals

A

begins with sensory data and goes up to the brain

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15
Q

“Top Down” Signals

A

feedback from brain areas. How knowledge influences perception

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16
Q

Signal Detection

A

a person’s stimuli ability to discriminate the presence and absence of a stimulus from the criterion the person uses to make responses to those stimuli

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17
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the smallest level you can detect

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18
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

involved in personality, characteristics, decision making, and movement

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19
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Helps identify objects and understand spatial relationships. Also involved with pain and touch in the body

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20
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision center

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21
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Involved in short term memroy, speech, musical rhythm, and smell recognitioin

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22
Q

Dorsal Visual Pathway

A

The “Where” and “How” Pathway

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23
Q

where does the dorsal visual pathway start and end?

A

Begins in V1 and ends in the Parietal Lobe

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24
Q

what is the dorsal visual pathway responsible for?

A

the localization of objects in space for action-oriented behaviors that depend on the perception of space

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25
What happens if the dorsal visual pathway gets damaged?
Would have trouble with spatial perception and perception of complex movement
26
Dorsal Visual Pathway parts
Parison RGCs -> Magnocellular Layes of LGN -> V1 -> Thick Bands V2 -> MT (motion) -> Parietal Cortex (percieving space and motion; coordinating visual-motor interactions)
27
Ventral Visual Pathway
The "What" Pathway
28
Where does the Ventral Visual Pathway start and end?
Starts in V1 and ends in the inferior temporal cortex
29
What is the ventral visual pathway involved with?
the visual recognition of objects
30
what happens if the ventral visual pathway is damaged?
Visual agnosias will occur such as impairments in contrast, sensitivity, form, color vision, depth perception, face perception, and route-finding
31
visual agnosia
a condition where a person can see but cannot regonize or interpret visual information
32
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
a small region on the inferior of the temporal lobe that is involved wit hthe recognition of faces
33
Prospagnosia
the inability to recognize faces- happens when FFA is damaged
34
Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
a sub-region of the parahippocampal cortex that lies medially in the inferior-temporo-occipial cortex that is involved with place recognition
35
Topographic agnosia
the inability to recognize places- occurs when PPA is damaged
36
Ventral Visual Pathway parts
Bistratified and midget RGCs -> Koniocellular layers of LGN -> V1 -> Thin or pale bands V2 -> V4 (form and color) -> Inferotemporal cortex (object recognition)
37
Weber's Law
the JND is proportional to the standard of comparison
38
Fechner's Law
Ratio of intensity of a stimulus and the intensity of the absolute threshold. ext. of weber's law
39
Steven's Power Law
rejects the idea of a uniform constant
40
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
41
electroencephalography (EEG)
Temporal Resolution: Very High Spatial Resolution: Low Extent of Coverage: mostly limited to the cortex
42
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Temporal Resolution: Very High Spatial Resolution: Mid Extent of Coverage: mostly limited to the cortex
43
Position Emission Tomography (PET)
Temporal Resolution: Very Low Spatial Resolution: often low-mid Extent of Coverage: varies, limited to a particular chemical
44
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Temporal Resolution: Low Spatial Resolution: High Extent of Coverage: whole-brain
45
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) aka Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Temporal Resolution: Low Spatial Resolution: High Extent of Coverage: Mostly limited to the surface of the cortex
46
Single unit recording and stimulation
Temporal Resolution: very high Spatial Resolution: very high Extent of Coverage: very limited
47
Casual Inference
The process of drawing a conclusion that a specific treatment was the cause of the effect that was observed
48
casual inference example
taking an aspirin caused your headache to go away
49
Temporal precision
the ability to distinguish neighboring points. Reflects information content
50
Temporal Resolution
the number of time measurements per unit time. defined by sampling rate
51
Myopia
nearsightedness- focal point happens in front of the retina and there is a long optic axis
52
Hyperopia
farsightedness- focal point happens behind the retina and there is a short optic axis
53
Astigmatism
misshaped cornea and images focus at multiple points on the retina
54
presbyopia
elasticity of the lens
55
Cataracts
clouding of the lens. It can be treated with surgery
56
Glaucoma
Intraocular pressure is too high, leading to cell damage
57
Floaters
Deposits that form within the vitrous humor
58
Macular Degeneration
Damage to the photoreceptors in the macula. Dry Form: degeneration of pigment epithelium Wet Form: blood vessels start growing underneath the retina causing scaring
59
Retinis Pigmentosa
Genetic condition resulting in gradual degeneration of photoreceptors
60
Superior and Infterior Rectus direction
up and down
61
Medial and lateal rectus direction
left and right
62
inferior and superior oblique direciton
side to side (like a steering wheel)
63
Cornea function
protection
64
Retina Function
converts light to electrical signals for the brain through the optic nerve
65
Choroid Function
provides nutrients and regulates the temperature of the retina, helps control pressure in the eye, and absorbs excess light to avoid refleciton
66
Sclera Function
strength and protection for the eye
67
Pupil Function
Regulates how much light enters the eye. Big Pupil = dim lighting Little Pupil = bight lighting
68
Iris Function
contains muscles that expand and contract the pupil
69
Lens Funciton
helps focus on objects from varying distances Thick Lens = Closer object Thin Lens = Farther object
70
Ciliary Body Function
These fibers pull on/relax the Zonule fibers that control the thickness of the lens depending on object distance
71
Optic Nerve Function
Transfers electrical signals from the retina to the brain
72
Pathway through the Retina
Light -> Rods and Cones -> horizontal cells -> bipolar cells -> amacrine cells -> Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs)
73
V1 Cells
the first of the cortical regions to receive and process information
74
V1 cells are sensitive to stimuli in addition to orientation such as:
-color -direction -speed of motion -length -size -binocular disparity
75
Population is ________ for V1 cells
Crucial
76
What structure is found in V1
the LGN
77
Preferred orientation of V1 cells are _______ to nearby cells and follow a specific pattern
similar
78
V5 Cells aka MT (motion)
direction and speed
79
Intraparietal Sulcus
visually-guided aciton -eye movements -reaching -grasping
80
Lateral Occipital Cortex (LOC)
meaningful shapes- specialization within Inferotemporal Cortex
81
V4 Cells
Color and curvature
82
V4 cells have a ________ receptive field than other visual areas
larger
83
Properties of object selective responses in V4
Position Invariance and Context Invariance
84
Perceptual Grouping
represented by the synchrony of oscillations in neural activity
85
Perceptual Interpolation
assuming the lines continue on an image even if we don't see them
86
Boarder Ownership
can tell the difference between two image regions
87
Figure vs. Ground
being able to tell the difference between the background and the foreground
88
Assigning Figure vs. Ground
-Depth -Surrounded -Gestalt Principles: -Symmetry - Convexity -Meaningfulness - Simplicity

Sensation and Perception (2 decks)

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