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Biology 1202 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

natural selection favors traits that
a) enhance survival only
b) increase reproductive success
c) make the organism stronger, faster

A

b

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2
Q

bright colored male guppies attract females, but are also more easily spotted by predators. in a pond without predators, _____ colors will be favored. in a pond with many visual predators _____ colors will be favored.
a. bright, bright
b. bright, dull
c, dull, bright
d. dull, dull

A

b

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3
Q

selection ______ the genetic variation of a population.
a) increases
b) decreases
c) does not affect

A

b

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4
Q

there is much warranted concern about antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections. why aren’t all bacteria resistant to penicillin, for example?
a) mutations occur at random and mutations for resistance haven’t appeared in all bacteria
b) selection would not favor antibiotic resistance because that would be bad for people
c) people develop antibiotic resistance, not bacteria

A

a

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5
Q

bodies of living organisms are modified through the ____ or ____ of parts

A

use, disuse

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6
Q

____ believed in use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics and compared living species with fossil forms (known for incorrect mechanisms)
-organisms can change over time

A

lamarck

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7
Q

founding father of paleontology, denied the existence of evolution (sudden catastrophic events caused extinction)

A

george cuvier

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8
Q

published principles of geology in 1830, thought that geologic change could result from gradual mechanisms that operate in the same manner in the past as they do today

A

james hutton

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9
Q

-geologist believed the earth was much older than traditionally thought
-the same geologic processes are happening today as in the past, at the same rate
-mentored darwin
-ideas on gradualism

A

charles lylell

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10
Q

-human suffering resulted from the human population’s potential to increase faster than food supply/resources
-published essay on the principles of populations in 1798

A

thomas malthus

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11
Q

-embarks on HMS Beagle in fall 1831
-published The Origin of Species in 1859
-darwinism

A

charles darwin

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12
Q

the two main ideas of _____:
1) change over time of the genetic composition of a population
2) modern organisms are modifications pre-existing organisms

A

evolution

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13
Q

-codiscovered evolution by means of natural selection

A

wallace

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14
Q

what did darwin see that helped him conclude that species could change over time?
a) weird animals like duck billed platypus
b) fossils of giant sloths and modern sloths
c) the work of thomas malthus

A

b) foss

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14
Q

what did darwin see that helped him conclude that species could change over time?
a) weird animals like duck billed platypus
b) fossils of giant sloths and modern sloths
c) the work of thomas malthus

A

b

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15
Q

the gba pseudogene is nonfunctional in humans. chimpanzees, and gorillas due to the exact same 55 base pair deletion in the gene occurring in all 3 species. this example falls under what kind of evidence for evolution
a) fossil record
b) direct observation
c) homology
d) biogeography

A

c

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16
Q

which of the following is an example of direct observation evidence for evolution?
a) decreasing size of spines in stickleback (fish) fossils over time
b) post-anal tail in vertebrate embryos
c) study showing a reduction in the number of bright spots in male guppies in the presence of a predator

A

c

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17
Q

imagine a population of 50 people. each person has two alleles for earlobes. f is the dominant free hanging earlobe and f is the recessive attached earlobe. only people with an ff genotype will have the attached earlobe phenotype. only 8 people in that population have attached earlobes. what proportion of the population is ff?

A

0.16

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18
Q

imagine a population of 50 people. each person has two alleles for earlobes. f is the dominant free hanging earlobe and f is the recessive attached earlobe. only people with an ff genotype will have the attached earlobe phenotype. only 8 people in that population have attached earlobes. what is q? p+q=1

A

0.4

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19
Q

imagine a population of 50 people. each person has two alleles for earlobes. f is the dominant free hanging earlobe and f is the recessive attached earlobe. only people with an ff genotype will have the attached earlobe phenotype. only 8 people in that population have attached earlobes. what is p? p+q=1

A

0.6

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20
Q

imagine a population of 50 people. each person has two alleles for earlobes. f is the dominant free hanging earlobe and f is the recessive attached earlobe. only people with an ff genotype will have the attached earlobe phenotype. only 8 people in that population have attached earlobes. what proportion of the population is heterozygous? p2+2pq+q2=1

A

0.48

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21
Q

in the hardy-weinburg equation in a population with 2 alleles, what is p?

A

frequency of the dominant allele

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22
Q

in the hardy-weinburg equation in a population with 2 alleles, what is q?

A

frequency of the recessive allele

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23
Q

in the hardy-weinburg equation in a population with 2 alleles, what is p2?

A

frequency of individuals who are homozygous dominant

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24
Q

in the hardy-weinburg equation in a population with 2 alleles, what is 2pq?

A

frequency of individuals who are heterozygous

25
Q

in the hardy-weinburg equation in a population with 2 alleles, what is q2?

A

frequency of individuals who are homozygous recessive

26
Q

what are the 5 conditions of genetic equilibrium (hardy-weinburg)

A

no mutations, large population size, no gene flow, no natural selection, random mating

27
Q

you have a population of 100 lizards in which 60 are green, 30 are blue-green, and 10 are blue. what is the frequency (two decimal places) of the Sb allele in the gene pool?

A

0.25

28
Q

you have a population of 100 lizards in which 60 are green, 30 are blue-green, and 10 are blue. what is the projected frequency of the heterozygous genotype in the next generation?

A

0.375

29
Q

it is somewhat inevitable that future strains of SARS-CoV-2 will have more defenses against immune responses from COVID vaccines. what can we do to reduce the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 developing resistance?
a) reducing the number of vaccinated people would reduce the induced mutations in SARS-CoV-2.
b) reducing the number of vaccinated people would reduce the selective pressure for resistance.
c)increasing the number of vaccinated people would reduce the number of viral copies and, thus the number of mutations.

A

c

30
Q

babies that are very large and babies that are very small both can have lower survival. this is an example of
a)directional selection
b)disruptive selection
c)stabilizing selection

A

c

31
Q

if Galapagos finch beak size decreased over time, that would be an example of _______selection.
a) directional
b) stabilizing
c) disruptive

A

a

32
Q

the increased beak size in Galapagos finches following the drought is an example of _________ selection.
a)directional
b)disruptive
c)stabilizing

A

a

33
Q

which of the following circumstances would be an example of disruptive selection?
a) decreasing size of the horns in big horn sheep.
b) medium sized galls having lower rates if predation than large and small galls.
c) large bird beaks and small bird beaks are favored, but middle sized beaks are seleted against.

A

c

34
Q

altered allele frequencies as a result of chance events (more common in small populations)

A

genetic drift

35
Q

alleles are moving to the right/left

A

directional selection

36
Q

alleles are moving toward extremes

A

disruptive selection

37
Q

alleles where moderate is favored

A

stabilizing selection

38
Q

what are 5 prezygotic barriers

A

habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

39
Q

what are 3 postzygotic barriers

A

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

40
Q

what are the 2 models of speciation

A

allopatric, sympatric

41
Q

living in different areas (populations are separated by geographic barriers resulting in genetic divergence)

A

allopatric

42
Q

living in the same areav (habitat differences, sexual selection, polyploid formation)

A

sympatric

43
Q

presence of extra sets of chromosomes in cells due to accidents during meiosis

A

polypoidy

44
Q

species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species (hybrids)
-can breed with each other nut not either parent species sympatry

A

autopolyploidy

45
Q

which of the following statements about these populations of mosquitofish is true?
a) these mosquitofish can’t interbreed due to a postzygotic barrier
b) these mosquitofish are a great example of sympatric populations.
c) these mosquitofish populations are reproductively isolated.

A

c

46
Q

what is the key difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation?
a) only allopatry results in the creation of new species
b) allopatry begins with geographic isolation

A

b

47
Q

__________ is more than two sets of chromosomes derived from a single species.
a) allopolyploidy
b) autopolyploidy

A

b

48
Q

______________ has long periods of little to no phenotypic change.
a) gradualism
b) punctuated equilibrium

A

b

48
Q

______________ has long periods of little to no phenotypic change.
a) gradualism
b) punctuated equilibrium

A

b

49
Q

modern day chimpanzees are analogous to our
a) grandparents
b) cousins

A

b

50
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of life?

A

order, reproduction, growth and development, energy utilization, response to the environment, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation

51
Q

how long ago was the formation of the earth

A

4.6 bya

52
Q

how long ago were the earliest fossils

A

3.5 bya

53
Q

what are 2 ways scientists determine the ages of fossils/rocks

A

stratigraphy, radiometric dating

54
Q

fossils dont form in ___ rock, but sedimentary rock is ___ to age with radiometry

A

igneous, harder

55
Q

can you form basic organic molecules inorganically?

A

yes

56
Q

can you form large organic polymers inorganically?

A

yes

57
Q

what are the 4 steps of abiogenesis

A

abiotic synthesis, abiotic synthesis of polymers, protobionts, origin of heredity

58
Q

what are the 4 key events after the initial origin of life

A

various energetic pathways, eukaryotic cell development, multi-cellularity, colonization of land

59
Q

____ ____ states that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells

A

endosymbiotic theory

60
Q

what is the difference between colonial organisms and multi-cellular organisms?

A

multi cellular organisms have specialized cells and cells that are dependent on one another for survival

Biology 1202 (3 decks)

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