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Biology 1202 > CH. 26 > Flashcards

CH. 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

how are species grouped in the linnaen system?

A

increasingly broad taxa

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2
Q

what is the order of taxa from smallest to largest?

A

genera, family, order, class, phyla, kingdom, domain

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3
Q

systematists depict evolutionary relationships as branching _____ ____ (many systematists propose that classification be based entirely on evolutionary relationships)

A

phylogenetic trees

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4
Q

true or false: phylogenetic trees indicate ONLY patters of descent

A

true

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5
Q

organisms with similar morphologies or dna sequences are (more likely or less likely) to be more closely related than organisms with very different structures and genetic sequences

A

more likely

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6
Q

similarity due to shared ancestry

A

homology

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7
Q

similarity due to convergent evolution

A

analogy

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8
Q

a monophyletic group that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

A

clade

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9
Q

clades can be distinguised by their ____ ____ ____

A

shared derived characters

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10
Q

among phylogenies, the most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the (most or fewest) changes?

A

fewest

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11
Q

homologous genes found in different species as a result of speciation

A

orthologous genes

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12
Q

homologous genes within a species that result from gene duplication

A

paralogous genes

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13
Q

what genes can diverge and potentially take on new functions

A

paralogous genes

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14
Q

distantly related species often have many ____ genes

A

orthologous

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15
Q

the small variation in gene number in organisms of varying complexity suggests that genes are ____ and may have ___ functions

A

versatile, various

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16
Q

some regions of dna change at a rate consistent enough to serve as a ______ ____

A

molecular clock

17
Q

a method of estimating the date of past evolutionary events based on the amount of genetic change

A

molecular clocks

18
Q

what are the three great domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

19
Q

phylogenies based in part on rRNA genes suggest that eukaryotes are most closely related to ____, while data from some other genes suggest a closer relationship to ____

A

archaea, bacteria

20
Q

genetic analysis indicate that extensive ____ ____ ____ has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of life

A

horizontal gene transfer

21
Q

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

A

phylogeny

22
Q

discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationshipa

A

systematics

23
Q

named taxonomic unit at any level of the linnaean hierarchy

A

taxon

24
Q

group of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor that is not shared by any other group

A

sister taxa

25
Q

lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group

A

basal taxon

26
Q

phylogenetic trees are intended to show patterns of ____, not phenotypic similarity

A

descent

27
Q

can we infer the ages of taxa or branch points shown in a phylogenetic tree

A

no

28
Q

we (should or should not) assume that a taxon on a phylogenetic tree evolved from the taxon next to it

A

should not

29
Q

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

A

convergent evolution

30
Q

similar morphology and similar dna sequences can assume that…

A

species share a recent common ancestor (only true for homologous structures)

31
Q

only ____ groups qualify as legitimate taxa in cladistics

A

monophyletic

32
Q

consists of an ancestor and some (not all) of that ancestor’s descendants

A

paraphyletic grouping

33
Q

made up of ancestral taxa and all of its descendants

A

monophyletic grouping

34
Q

grouping that lacks the common ancestor of the taxa in the group

A

polyphyletic grouping

35
Q

structure that predates the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade

A

shared ancestral characteristic

Biology 1202 (3 decks)

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