Exam 1 reversed Flashcards
reversed prompt
<p>PNS: sympathetic & parasympathetic division</p>
<p>autonomic ganglia & nerves</p>
reversed prompt
<p>do not involve entire brain, often proceeded by an unusual sensation, or aura</p>
<p>complex partial seizures</p>
reversed prompt
<p>posterior forebrain<br></br>thalamus, hypothalamus</p>
<p>diencephalon</p>
reversed prompt
<p>carrying action potentials <strong>away</strong> from brain/specific area</p>
<p>efferent</p>
reversed prompt
<p>recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)<br></br>-distinguish between sleep states & provide data for diagnosing seizure disorders</p>
<p>electroencephalogram (EEG)</p>
reversed prompt
<p>line ventricles in CNS, production/movement of CSF</p>
<p>ependymal cells</p>
reversed prompt
<p>eeg responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound <br></br>-ERPs have distinctive shapes and time delay (latency)</p>
<p>event-related potentials (ERPs)</p>
reversed prompt
<p><strong>DEPOLARIZATION</strong> of neuronal membrane in response to stimulation; makes it more likely to produce AP<br></br><u>less negative</u><br></br><strong>INFLUX OF SODIUM</strong></p>
<p>excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)</p>
reversed prompt
<p>small voltage fluctuations restricted to vicinity on the axon where concentrations change<br></br>depolarize stimuli not strong enough to cause AP<br></br><strong>a bunch of GP --> AP</strong></p>
<p>graded potentials</p>
reversed prompt
<p>abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain</p>
<p>grand mal seizure</p>
reversed prompt
<p>dominated by cell bodies, <u>no myelin</u></p>
<p>gray matter</p>
reversed prompt
<p>cerebellum, pons, medulla</p>
<p>hindbrain</p>
reversed prompt
<p><u>de-synchronized</u> across regions</p>
<p>in normal brain, activity tends to be:</p>
reversed prompt
<p>paired gray matter structures of dorsal midbrain that processes <u>auditory info</u></p>
<p>inferior colliculi</p>
reversed prompt
<p><strong>hyperpolarization</strong> (more negative) of neuron membrane in response to simulation; makes it less likely to produce AP</p>
<p><strong>influx of chloride</strong></p>
<p><strong>efflux of potassium</strong></p>
<p>inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)</p>
reversed prompt
<p>glial cell; moves around to remove cellular debris from injured & dead cells, phagocytic, will become “full” and won't reactivate</p>
<p>microglial cells</p>
reversed prompt
<p>glial cells, forms myelin in CNS. can wrap multiple axons at once</p>
<p>oligodendrocyte</p>
reversed prompt
<p>frog hearts; <strong>chemicals</strong> needed, not electricity</p>
<p>Otto Loewi</p>
reversed prompt
<p>midbrain region involved in <u>pain perception</u></p>
<p>periaqueductal gray</p>
reversed prompt
<p>brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day</p>
<p>petit mal seizure</p>
reversed prompt
<p><u>most synthesized in cell body</u></p>
<p>-packaged in vesicles</p>
<p>-transported on microtubules to synaptic terminal (anterograde axonal transport)</p>
<p><u>some synthesized in synaptic terminal</u></p>
<p>-transporters bring materials across the cell membrane; bring materials back into cell</p>
<p>-packaged into vesicles in prep for release</p>
<p>process of transmission: step 1: NT synthesis & transport</p>
reversed prompt
<p>progenitor cells in CNS; develop into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes</p>
<p>radial glia</p>
reversed prompt
<p>inside more negative relative to the outside of the cell; <u>more K+ inside </u>relative to outside; departure of K+ ions leaves inside cell more negative that outside; Na+ ions cannot pass back inside; <strong>Na+ out, K+ in</strong></p>
<p>resting state</p>
reversed prompt
<p>extensive region of brainstem, medulla through the thalamus, involved in <u>sleep & arousal</u></p>
<p>reticular formation</p>
reversed prompt
<p><strong>PNS</strong>; covers/protects cells <u>similar to atrsocyte</u></p>
<p>satalite glia</p>
reversed prompt
<p>glial cell, forms myelin in PNS. can only wrap one axon at a time (slower)</p>
<p>Schwann cell</p>
reversed prompt
<p>wave of abnormally <strong>synchronous</strong> electrical activity in the brain</p>
<p>seizure</p>
reversed prompt
<p>PNS; cranial nerves, spinal nerves</p>
<p>somatic (skeletal) nerves</p>
reversed prompt
<p>integration of events happening at different places, must occur near each other</p>
<ol><li>two simultaneous EPSPs sum to produce greater EPSP</li><li>simultaneous IPSP and EPSP cancel each other out</li><li>two simultaneous IPSPs sum to produce greater IPSP</li></ol>
<p>spatial summation</p>
reversed prompt
<p>when AP arrives, NT is released across membrane by exocytosis</p>
<ol><li>voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open (activated by arrival of AP)</li><li>incoming Ca2+ promotes exocytosis</li></ol>
<p><strong>more calcium OUT than in</strong></p>
<p>-floods in, gets NTs to release/move vesicles to open</p>
<p>step 2: AP arrival</p>
reversed prompt
<p>vesicles bind to and merge with the membrane → dumps NT</p>
<p>NT are released into synaptic cleft</p>
<p>effect of NT depends on the nature of the receptor (on post-synaptic cell)</p>
<p>-temporal & spatial summation</p>
<p>step 3: NT release</p>
reversed prompt
<ol><li>converted into inactive chemicals (degradation); <strong>enzymatic degradation</strong>: NT is key so it is changed & can't unlock anymore (enzyme)</li><li><strong>reuptake </strong>by presynaptic neuron</li><li><strong>diffusion</strong> away from synapse (floats away into extracellular fluid)</li></ol>
<p>step 4: NT deactivation</p>
reversed prompt
<p>brainstem structure that innervates basal ganglia & is major source of dopaminergic projections</p>
<p>substantia nigra</p>
reversed prompt
<p>paired gray matter structures of dorsal membrane that processes <strong>visual info</strong></p>
<p>superior colliculi</p>
reversed prompt
<p>dorsal portion of midbran, consists of <strong>inferior & superior colliculi</strong></p>
<p>tectum</p>
reversed prompt
<p>main body of midbrain, containing substania nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of reticular formation, and multiple fiber tracts</p>
<p>tegmentum</p>
reversed prompt
<p>anterior forebrain</p>
<p>cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system</p>
<p>telecephalon</p>
reversed prompt
<p>integration of events happening at different times must be around same time</p>
<ol><li>two ESPSs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce larger IPSP</li><li>two IPSPs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce a larger IPSP</li></ol>
<p>temporal summation</p>
reversed prompt
<p>underneath gray matter; mostly <strong>myelinated</strong> axons, transmits info</p>
<p>white matter</p>
reversed prompt
<p>form of conduction that is characteristic of <u>myelinated axons,</u> in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next</p>
<p>saltaory conduction</p>
reversed prompt
<p>the condition that the size (amplitude) of the AP is independent of the size of the stimulus</p>
<p>MUST reach certain size to fire, CAN'T “half fire” or “small fire”</p>
<p>“all-or-nothing”</p>
reversed prompt
<p>inside cell: few</p>
<p>outside cell: many</p>
<p>Na+ distribution</p>
reversed prompt
<p>outside cell: few</p>
<p>inside cell: many</p>
<p>K+ distribution</p>
reversed prompt
<p>outside cell: many</p>
<p>inside cell: few</p>
<p>Cl- distribution</p>
reversed prompt
<p>outside cell: many</p>
<p>inside cell: many</p>
<p>Protein- distribution</p>
reversed prompt
<p>inside cell: few</p>
<p>outside cell: many</p>
<p>Ca2+ distribution</p>
reversed prompt
<p>open K+ channels create resting potential</p>
<p>AP step 1</p>
reversed prompt
<p>any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold</p>
<p>AP step 2</p>
reversed prompt
<p>at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid change in polarity - AP</p>
<p>AP step 3</p>
reversed prompt
<p>Na+ channels auto close again, gated K+ channels open, repolarizing and even hyperpolarizing the cell (afterpotential)</p>
<p>AP step 4</p>
reversed prompt
<p>all gated channels close. the cell returns to resting potential</p>
<p>AP step 5</p>
reversed prompt
<p>temporarily unresponsive or inactivated</p>
<p>refractory</p>
reversed prompt
<p>brief period of insensitivity to stimuli</p>
<p>-can't fire at all</p>
<p>-voltage-gated Na+ channels can't respond (closed)</p>
<p>absolute refractory period</p>
reversed prompt
<p>a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an AP</p>
<p>-K+ ions still flowing out, so cell is temporarily hyperpolarized</p>
<p>relative refractory period</p>
reversed prompt
<p>receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when receptor is bound by agonist</p>
<p>ligand-gated/ionotropic receptors</p>
reversed prompt
<p>substance that mimics/boosts actions of NT/other signaling molecules</p>
<p>agonist</p>
reversed prompt
<p>receptor, when activated extracellularly, initiates G protein signaling mechanism inside cell</p>
<p>G-protein-coupled/metabotropic</p>
