Exam 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
what system?
autonomic ganglia & nerves
A
PNS: sympathetic & parasympathetic division
2
Q
complex partial seizures
A
do not involve entire brain, often proceeded by an unusual sensation, or aura
3
Q
diencephalon
A
posterior forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus
4
Q
efferent
A
carrying action potentials away from brain/specific area
5
Q
electroencephalogram (EEG)
A
recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)
-distinguish between sleep states & provide data for diagnosing seizure disorders
6
Q
ependymal cells
A
line ventricles in CNS, production/movement of CSF
7
Q
event-related potentials (ERPs)
A
eeg responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound
-ERPs have distinctive shapes and time delay (latency)
8
Q
ions? polarization?
excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)
A
DEPOLARIZATION of neuronal membrane in response to stimulation; makes it more likely to produce AP
less negative
INFLUX OF SODIUM
9
Q
graded potentials
A
small voltage fluctuations restricted to vicinity on the axon where concentrations change
depolarize stimuli not strong enough to cause AP
a bunch of GP –> AP
10
Q
grand mal seizure
A
abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain
11
Q
gray matter
A
dominated by cell bodies, no myelin
12
Q
hindbrain
A
cerebellum, pons, medulla
13
Q
in normal brain, activity tends to be:
A
de-synchronized across regions
14
Q
function?
inferior colliculi
A
paired gray matter structures of dorsal midbrain that processes auditory info
15
Q
ions? polarization?
inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
A
hyperpolarization (more negative) of neuron membrane in response to simulation; makes it less likely to produce AP
influx of chloride
efflux of potassium
16
Q
microglial cells
A
glial cell; moves around to remove cellular debris from injured & dead cells, phagocytic, will become “full” and won’t reactivate
17
Q
oligodendrocyte
A
glial cells, forms myelin in CNS. can wrap multiple axons at once
18
Q
experiments? findings?
Otto Loewi
A
frog hearts; chemicals needed, not electricity
19
Q
function? location?
periaqueductal gray
A
midbrain region involved in pain perception
20
Q
petit mal seizure
A
brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day
21
Q
process of transmission: step 1: NT synthesis & transport
A
most synthesized in cell body
- packaged in vesicles
- transported on microtubules to synaptic terminal (anterograde axonal transport)
some synthesized in synaptic terminal
- transporters bring materials across the cell membrane; bring materials back into cell
- packaged into vesicles in prep for release
22
Q
radial glia
A
progenitor cells in CNS; develop into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes
23
Q
resting state
A
inside more negative relative to the outside of the cell; more K+ inside relative to outside; departure of K+ ions leaves inside cell more negative that outside; Na+ ions cannot pass back inside; Na+ out, K+ in
24
Q
reticular formation
A
extensive region of brainstem, medulla through the thalamus, involved in sleep & arousal
25
satalite glia
**PNS**; covers/protects cells _similar to atrsocyte_
26
Schwann cell
glial cell, forms myelin in PNS. can only wrap one axon at a time (slower)
27
seizure
wave of abnormally **synchronous** electrical activity in the brain
28
# system?
somatic (skeletal) nerves
PNS; cranial nerves, spinal nerves
29
spatial summation
integration of events happening at different places, must occur near each other
1. two simultaneous EPSPs sum to produce greater EPSP
2. simultaneous IPSP and EPSP cancel each other out
3. two simultaneous IPSPs sum to produce greater IPSP
30
step 2: AP arrival
when AP arrives, NT is released across membrane by exocytosis
1. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open (activated by arrival of AP)
2. incoming Ca2+ promotes exocytosis
**more calcium OUT than in**
-floods in, gets NTs to release/move vesicles to open
31
step 3: NT release
vesicles bind to and merge with the membrane → dumps NT
NT are released into synaptic cleft
effect of NT depends on the nature of the receptor (on post-synaptic cell)
-temporal & spatial summation
32
step 4: NT deactivation
1. converted into inactive chemicals (degradation); **enzymatic degradation**: NT is key so it is changed & can't unlock anymore (enzyme)
2. **reuptake** by presynaptic neuron
3. **diffusion** away from synapse (floats away into extracellular fluid)
33
# location? function?
substantia nigra
brainstem structure that innervates basal ganglia & is major source of dopaminergic projections
34
# location? function?
superior colliculi
paired gray matter structures of dorsal membrane that processes **visual info**
35
tectum
dorsal portion of midbran, consists of **inferior & superior colliculi**
36
tegmentum
main body of midbrain, containing substania nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of reticular formation, and multiple fiber tracts
37
telecephalon
anterior forebrain
cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
38
temporal summation
integration of events happening at different times must be around same time
1. two ESPSs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce larger IPSP
2. two IPSPs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce a larger IPSP
39
white matter
underneath gray matter; mostly **myelinated** axons, transmits info
40
saltaory conduction
form of conduction that is characteristic of _myelinated axons,_ in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
41
“all-or-nothing”
the condition that the size (amplitude) of the AP is independent of the size of the stimulus
MUST reach certain size to fire, CAN'T “half fire” or “small fire”
42
Na+ distribution
inside cell: few
outside cell: many
43
K+ distribution
outside cell: few
inside cell: many
44
Cl- distribution
outside cell: many
inside cell: few
45
Protein- distribution
outside cell: many
inside cell: many
46
Ca2+ distribution
inside cell: few
outside cell: many
47
AP step 1
open K+ channels create resting potential
48
AP step 2
any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold
49
AP step 3
at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid change in polarity - AP
50
AP step 4
Na+ channels auto close again, gated K+ channels open, repolarizing and even hyperpolarizing the cell (afterpotential)
51
AP step 5
all gated channels close. the cell returns to resting potential
52
refractory
temporarily unresponsive or inactivated
53
absolute refractory period
brief period of insensitivity to stimuli
- can't fire at all
- voltage-gated Na+ channels can't respond (closed)
54
relative refractory period
a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an AP
-K+ ions still flowing out, so cell is temporarily hyperpolarized
55
ligand-gated/ionotropic receptors
receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when receptor is bound by agonist
56
agonist
substance that mimics/boosts actions of NT/other signaling molecules
57
G-protein-coupled/metabotropic
receptor, when activated extracellularly, initiates G protein signaling mechanism inside cell
58
# reversed prompt
PNS: sympathetic & parasympathetic division
autonomic ganglia & nerves
59
# reversed prompt
do not involve entire brain, often proceeded by an unusual sensation, or aura
complex partial seizures
60
# reversed prompt
posterior forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus
diencephalon
61
# reversed prompt
carrying action potentials **away** from brain/specific area
efferent
62
# reversed prompt
recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)
-distinguish between sleep states & provide data for diagnosing seizure disorders
electroencephalogram (EEG)
63
# reversed prompt
line ventricles in CNS, production/movement of CSF
ependymal cells
64
# reversed prompt
eeg responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound
-ERPs have distinctive shapes and time delay (latency)
event-related potentials (ERPs)
65
# reversed prompt
**DEPOLARIZATION** of neuronal membrane in response to stimulation; makes it more likely to produce AP
_less negative_
**INFLUX OF SODIUM**
excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)
66
# reversed prompt
small voltage fluctuations restricted to vicinity on the axon where concentrations change
depolarize stimuli not strong enough to cause AP
**a bunch of GP --\> AP**
graded potentials
67
# reversed prompt
abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain
grand mal seizure
68
# reversed prompt
dominated by cell bodies, _no myelin_
gray matter
69
# reversed prompt
cerebellum, pons, medulla
hindbrain
70
# reversed prompt
_de-synchronized_ across regions
in normal brain, activity tends to be:
71
# reversed prompt
paired gray matter structures of dorsal midbrain that processes _auditory info_
inferior colliculi
72
# reversed prompt
**hyperpolarization** (more negative) of neuron membrane in response to simulation; makes it less likely to produce AP
## Footnote
**influx of chloride**
**efflux of potassium**
inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
73
# reversed prompt
glial cell; moves around to remove cellular debris from injured & dead cells, phagocytic, will become “full” and won't reactivate
microglial cells
74
# reversed prompt
glial cells, forms myelin in CNS. can wrap multiple axons at once
oligodendrocyte
75
# reversed prompt
frog hearts; **chemicals** needed, not electricity
Otto Loewi
76
# reversed prompt
midbrain region involved in _pain perception_
periaqueductal gray
77
# reversed prompt
brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day
petit mal seizure
78
# reversed prompt
_most synthesized in cell body_
- packaged in vesicles
- transported on microtubules to synaptic terminal (anterograde axonal transport)
_some synthesized in synaptic terminal_
- transporters bring materials across the cell membrane; bring materials back into cell
- packaged into vesicles in prep for release
process of transmission: step 1: NT synthesis & transport
79
# reversed prompt
progenitor cells in CNS; develop into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes
radial glia
80
# reversed prompt
inside more negative relative to the outside of the cell; _more K+ inside_ relative to outside; departure of K+ ions leaves inside cell more negative that outside; Na+ ions cannot pass back inside; **Na+ out, K+ in**
resting state
81
# reversed prompt
extensive region of brainstem, medulla through the thalamus, involved in _sleep & arousal_
reticular formation
82
# reversed prompt
**PNS**; covers/protects cells _similar to atrsocyte_
satalite glia
83
# reversed prompt
glial cell, forms myelin in PNS. can only wrap one axon at a time (slower)
Schwann cell
84
# reversed prompt
wave of abnormally **synchronous** electrical activity in the brain
seizure
85
# reversed prompt
PNS; cranial nerves, spinal nerves
somatic (skeletal) nerves
86
# reversed prompt
integration of events happening at different places, must occur near each other
1. two simultaneous EPSPs sum to produce greater EPSP
2. simultaneous IPSP and EPSP cancel each other out
3. two simultaneous IPSPs sum to produce greater IPSP
spatial summation
87
# reversed prompt
when AP arrives, NT is released across membrane by exocytosis
1. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open (activated by arrival of AP)
2. incoming Ca2+ promotes exocytosis
**more calcium OUT than in**
-floods in, gets NTs to release/move vesicles to open
step 2: AP arrival
88
# reversed prompt
vesicles bind to and merge with the membrane → dumps NT
NT are released into synaptic cleft
effect of NT depends on the nature of the receptor (on post-synaptic cell)
-temporal & spatial summation
step 3: NT release
89
# reversed prompt
1. converted into inactive chemicals (degradation); **enzymatic degradation**: NT is key so it is changed & can't unlock anymore (enzyme)
2. **reuptake** by presynaptic neuron
3. **diffusion** away from synapse (floats away into extracellular fluid)
step 4: NT deactivation
90
# reversed prompt
brainstem structure that innervates basal ganglia & is major source of dopaminergic projections
substantia nigra
91
# reversed prompt
paired gray matter structures of dorsal membrane that processes **visual info**
superior colliculi
92
# reversed prompt
dorsal portion of midbran, consists of **inferior & superior colliculi**
tectum
93
# reversed prompt
main body of midbrain, containing substania nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of reticular formation, and multiple fiber tracts
tegmentum
94
# reversed prompt
anterior forebrain
cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
telecephalon
95
# reversed prompt
integration of events happening at different times must be around same time
1. two ESPSs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce larger IPSP
2. two IPSPs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce a larger IPSP
temporal summation
96
# reversed prompt
underneath gray matter; mostly **myelinated** axons, transmits info
white matter
97
# reversed prompt
form of conduction that is characteristic of _myelinated axons,_ in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
saltaory conduction
98
# reversed prompt
the condition that the size (amplitude) of the AP is independent of the size of the stimulus
MUST reach certain size to fire, CAN'T “half fire” or “small fire”
“all-or-nothing”
99
# reversed prompt
inside cell: few
outside cell: many
Na+ distribution
100
# reversed prompt
outside cell: few
inside cell: many
K+ distribution
101
# reversed prompt
outside cell: many
inside cell: few
Cl- distribution
102
# reversed prompt
outside cell: many
inside cell: many
Protein- distribution
103
# reversed prompt
inside cell: few
outside cell: many
Ca2+ distribution
104
# reversed prompt
open K+ channels create resting potential
AP step 1
105
# reversed prompt
any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold
AP step 2
106
# reversed prompt
at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid change in polarity - AP
AP step 3
107
# reversed prompt
Na+ channels auto close again, gated K+ channels open, repolarizing and even hyperpolarizing the cell (afterpotential)
AP step 4
108
# reversed prompt
all gated channels close. the cell returns to resting potential
AP step 5
109
# reversed prompt
temporarily unresponsive or inactivated
refractory
110
# reversed prompt
brief period of insensitivity to stimuli
- can't fire at all
- voltage-gated Na+ channels can't respond (closed)
absolute refractory period
111
# reversed prompt
a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an AP
-K+ ions still flowing out, so cell is temporarily hyperpolarized
relative refractory period
112
# reversed prompt
receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when receptor is bound by agonist
ligand-gated/ionotropic receptors
113
# reversed prompt
substance that mimics/boosts actions of NT/other signaling molecules
agonist
114
# reversed prompt
receptor, when activated extracellularly, initiates G protein signaling mechanism inside cell
G-protein-coupled/metabotropic
