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Physiological Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what system?

autonomic ganglia & nerves

A

PNS: sympathetic & parasympathetic division

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2
Q

complex partial seizures

A

do not involve entire brain, often proceeded by an unusual sensation, or aura

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3
Q

diencephalon

A

posterior forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus

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4
Q

efferent

A

carrying action potentials away from brain/specific area

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5
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)
-distinguish between sleep states & provide data for diagnosing seizure disorders

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6
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles in CNS, production/movement of CSF

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7
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

eeg responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound
-ERPs have distinctive shapes and time delay (latency)

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8
Q

ions? polarization?

excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

A

DEPOLARIZATION of neuronal membrane in response to stimulation; makes it more likely to produce AP
less negative
INFLUX OF SODIUM

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9
Q

graded potentials

A

small voltage fluctuations restricted to vicinity on the axon where concentrations change
depolarize stimuli not strong enough to cause AP
a bunch of GP –> AP

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10
Q

grand mal seizure

A

abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain

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11
Q

gray matter

A

dominated by cell bodies, no myelin

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12
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla

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13
Q

in normal brain, activity tends to be:

A

de-synchronized across regions

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14
Q

function?

inferior colliculi

A

paired gray matter structures of dorsal midbrain that processes auditory info

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15
Q

ions? polarization?

inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarization (more negative) of neuron membrane in response to simulation; makes it less likely to produce AP

influx of chloride

efflux of potassium

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16
Q

microglial cells

A

glial cell; moves around to remove cellular debris from injured & dead cells, phagocytic, will become “full” and won’t reactivate

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17
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

glial cells, forms myelin in CNS. can wrap multiple axons at once

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18
Q

experiments? findings?

Otto Loewi

A

frog hearts; chemicals needed, not electricity

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19
Q

function? location?

periaqueductal gray

A

midbrain region involved in pain perception

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20
Q

petit mal seizure

A

brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day

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21
Q

process of transmission: step 1: NT synthesis & transport

A

most synthesized in cell body

  • packaged in vesicles
  • transported on microtubules to synaptic terminal (anterograde axonal transport)

some synthesized in synaptic terminal

  • transporters bring materials across the cell membrane; bring materials back into cell
  • packaged into vesicles in prep for release
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22
Q

radial glia

A

progenitor cells in CNS; develop into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

resting state

A

inside more negative relative to the outside of the cell; more K+ inside relative to outside; departure of K+ ions leaves inside cell more negative that outside; Na+ ions cannot pass back inside; Na+ out, K+ in

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24
Q

reticular formation

A

extensive region of brainstem, medulla through the thalamus, involved in sleep & arousal

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25
Q

satalite glia

A

PNS; covers/protects cells similar to atrsocyte

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26
Q

Schwann cell

A

glial cell, forms myelin in PNS. can only wrap one axon at a time (slower)

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27
Q

seizure

A

wave of abnormally synchronous electrical activity in the brain

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28
Q

system?

somatic (skeletal) nerves

A

PNS; cranial nerves, spinal nerves

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29
Q

spatial summation

A

integration of events happening at different places, must occur near each other

  1. two simultaneous EPSPs sum to produce greater EPSP
  2. simultaneous IPSP and EPSP cancel each other out
  3. two simultaneous IPSPs sum to produce greater IPSP
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30
Q

step 2: AP arrival

A

when AP arrives, NT is released across membrane by exocytosis

  1. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open (activated by arrival of AP)
  2. incoming Ca2+ promotes exocytosis

more calcium OUT than in

-floods in, gets NTs to release/move vesicles to open

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31
Q

step 3: NT release

A

vesicles bind to and merge with the membrane → dumps NT

NT are released into synaptic cleft

effect of NT depends on the nature of the receptor (on post-synaptic cell)

-temporal & spatial summation

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32
Q

step 4: NT deactivation

A
  1. converted into inactive chemicals (degradation); enzymatic degradation: NT is key so it is changed & can’t unlock anymore (enzyme)
  2. reuptake by presynaptic neuron
  3. diffusion away from synapse (floats away into extracellular fluid)
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33
Q

location? function?

substantia nigra

A

brainstem structure that innervates basal ganglia & is major source of dopaminergic projections

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34
Q

location? function?

superior colliculi

A

paired gray matter structures of dorsal membrane that processes visual info

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35
Q

tectum

A

dorsal portion of midbran, consists of inferior & superior colliculi

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36
Q

tegmentum

A

main body of midbrain, containing substania nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of reticular formation, and multiple fiber tracts

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37
Q

telecephalon

A

anterior forebrain

cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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38
Q

temporal summation

A

integration of events happening at different times must be around same time

  1. two ESPSs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce larger IPSP
  2. two IPSPs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce a larger IPSP
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39
Q

white matter

A

underneath gray matter; mostly myelinated axons, transmits info

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40
Q

saltaory conduction

A

form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

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41
Q

“all-or-nothing”

A

the condition that the size (amplitude) of the AP is independent of the size of the stimulus

MUST reach certain size to fire, CAN’T “half fire” or “small fire”

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42
Q

Na+ distribution

A

inside cell: few

outside cell: many

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43
Q

K+ distribution

A

outside cell: few

inside cell: many

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44
Q

Cl- distribution

A

outside cell: many

inside cell: few

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45
Q

Protein- distribution

A

outside cell: many

inside cell: many

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46
Q

Ca2+ distribution

A

inside cell: few

outside cell: many

47
Q

AP step 1

A

open K+ channels create resting potential

48
Q

AP step 2

A

any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold

49
Q

AP step 3

A

at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid change in polarity - AP

50
Q

AP step 4

A

Na+ channels auto close again, gated K+ channels open, repolarizing and even hyperpolarizing the cell (afterpotential)

51
Q

AP step 5

A

all gated channels close. the cell returns to resting potential

52
Q

refractory

A

temporarily unresponsive or inactivated

53
Q

absolute refractory period

A

brief period of insensitivity to stimuli

  • can’t fire at all
  • voltage-gated Na+ channels can’t respond (closed)
54
Q

relative refractory period

A

a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an AP

-K+ ions still flowing out, so cell is temporarily hyperpolarized

55
Q

ligand-gated/ionotropic receptors

A

receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when receptor is bound by agonist

56
Q

agonist

A

substance that mimics/boosts actions of NT/other signaling molecules

57
Q

G-protein-coupled/metabotropic

A

receptor, when activated extracellularly, initiates G protein signaling mechanism inside cell

58
Q

reversed prompt

PNS: sympathetic & parasympathetic division

A

autonomic ganglia & nerves

59
Q

reversed prompt

do not involve entire brain, often proceeded by an unusual sensation, or aura

A

complex partial seizures

60
Q

reversed prompt

posterior forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

61
Q

reversed prompt

carrying action potentials away from brain/specific area

62
Q

reversed prompt

recording of spontaneous brain potentials (brain waves)
-distinguish between sleep states & provide data for diagnosing seizure disorders

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

63
Q

reversed prompt

line ventricles in CNS, production/movement of CSF

A

ependymal cells

64
Q

reversed prompt

eeg responses to a single stimulus, such as a flash of light or loud sound
-ERPs have distinctive shapes and time delay (latency)

A

event-related potentials (ERPs)

65
Q

reversed prompt

DEPOLARIZATION of neuronal membrane in response to stimulation; makes it more likely to produce AP
less negative
INFLUX OF SODIUM

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

66
Q

reversed prompt

small voltage fluctuations restricted to vicinity on the axon where concentrations change
depolarize stimuli not strong enough to cause AP
a bunch of GP –> AP

A

graded potentials

67
Q

reversed prompt

abnormal EEG activity throughout the brain

A

grand mal seizure

68
Q

reversed prompt

dominated by cell bodies, no myelin

A

gray matter

69
Q

reversed prompt

cerebellum, pons, medulla

70
Q

reversed prompt

de-synchronized across regions

A

in normal brain, activity tends to be:

71
Q

reversed prompt

paired gray matter structures of dorsal midbrain that processes auditory info

A

inferior colliculi

72
Q

reversed prompt

hyperpolarization (more negative) of neuron membrane in response to simulation; makes it less likely to produce AP

influx of chloride

efflux of potassium

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

73
Q

reversed prompt

glial cell; moves around to remove cellular debris from injured & dead cells, phagocytic, will become “full” and won’t reactivate

A

microglial cells

74
Q

reversed prompt

glial cells, forms myelin in CNS. can wrap multiple axons at once

A

oligodendrocyte

75
Q

reversed prompt

frog hearts; chemicals needed, not electricity

A

Otto Loewi

76
Q

reversed prompt

midbrain region involved in pain perception

A

periaqueductal gray

77
Q

reversed prompt

brain waves show patterns of seizure activity for 5 to 15 seconds, may occur several times a day

A

petit mal seizure

78
Q

reversed prompt

most synthesized in cell body

  • packaged in vesicles
  • transported on microtubules to synaptic terminal (anterograde axonal transport)

some synthesized in synaptic terminal

  • transporters bring materials across the cell membrane; bring materials back into cell
  • packaged into vesicles in prep for release
A

process of transmission: step 1: NT synthesis & transport

79
Q

reversed prompt

progenitor cells in CNS; develop into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes

A

radial glia

80
Q

reversed prompt

inside more negative relative to the outside of the cell; more K+ inside relative to outside; departure of K+ ions leaves inside cell more negative that outside; Na+ ions cannot pass back inside; Na+ out, K+ in

A

resting state

81
Q

reversed prompt

extensive region of brainstem, medulla through the thalamus, involved in sleep & arousal

A

reticular formation

82
Q

reversed prompt

PNS; covers/protects cells similar to atrsocyte

A

satalite glia

83
Q

reversed prompt

glial cell, forms myelin in PNS. can only wrap one axon at a time (slower)

A

Schwann cell

84
Q

reversed prompt

wave of abnormally synchronous electrical activity in the brain

85
Q

reversed prompt

PNS; cranial nerves, spinal nerves

A

somatic (skeletal) nerves

86
Q

reversed prompt

integration of events happening at different places, must occur near each other

  1. two simultaneous EPSPs sum to produce greater EPSP
  2. simultaneous IPSP and EPSP cancel each other out
  3. two simultaneous IPSPs sum to produce greater IPSP
A

spatial summation

87
Q

reversed prompt

when AP arrives, NT is released across membrane by exocytosis

  1. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open (activated by arrival of AP)
  2. incoming Ca2+ promotes exocytosis

more calcium OUT than in

-floods in, gets NTs to release/move vesicles to open

A

step 2: AP arrival

88
Q

reversed prompt

vesicles bind to and merge with the membrane → dumps NT

NT are released into synaptic cleft

effect of NT depends on the nature of the receptor (on post-synaptic cell)

-temporal & spatial summation

A

step 3: NT release

89
Q

reversed prompt

  1. converted into inactive chemicals (degradation); enzymatic degradation: NT is key so it is changed & can’t unlock anymore (enzyme)
  2. reuptake by presynaptic neuron
  3. diffusion away from synapse (floats away into extracellular fluid)
A

step 4: NT deactivation

90
Q

reversed prompt

brainstem structure that innervates basal ganglia & is major source of dopaminergic projections

A

substantia nigra

91
Q

reversed prompt

paired gray matter structures of dorsal membrane that processes visual info

A

superior colliculi

92
Q

reversed prompt

dorsal portion of midbran, consists of inferior & superior colliculi

93
Q

reversed prompt

main body of midbrain, containing substania nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of reticular formation, and multiple fiber tracts

94
Q

reversed prompt

anterior forebrain

cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

A

telecephalon

95
Q

reversed prompt

integration of events happening at different times must be around same time

  1. two ESPSs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce larger IPSP
  2. two IPSPs elicited in rapid succession sum to produce a larger IPSP
A

temporal summation

96
Q

reversed prompt

underneath gray matter; mostly myelinated axons, transmits info

A

white matter

97
Q

reversed prompt

form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

A

saltaory conduction

98
Q

reversed prompt

the condition that the size (amplitude) of the AP is independent of the size of the stimulus

MUST reach certain size to fire, CAN’T “half fire” or “small fire”

A

“all-or-nothing”

99
Q

reversed prompt

inside cell: few

outside cell: many

A

Na+ distribution

100
Q

reversed prompt

outside cell: few

inside cell: many

A

K+ distribution

101
Q

reversed prompt

outside cell: many

inside cell: few

A

Cl- distribution

102
Q

reversed prompt

outside cell: many

inside cell: many

A

Protein- distribution

103
Q

reversed prompt

inside cell: few

outside cell: many

A

Ca2+ distribution

104
Q

reversed prompt

open K+ channels create resting potential

105
Q

reversed prompt

any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold

106
Q

reversed prompt

at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid change in polarity - AP

107
Q

reversed prompt

Na+ channels auto close again, gated K+ channels open, repolarizing and even hyperpolarizing the cell (afterpotential)

108
Q

reversed prompt

all gated channels close. the cell returns to resting potential

109
Q

reversed prompt

temporarily unresponsive or inactivated

A

refractory

110
Q

reversed prompt

brief period of insensitivity to stimuli

  • can’t fire at all
  • voltage-gated Na+ channels can’t respond (closed)
A

absolute refractory period

111
Q

reversed prompt

a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an AP

-K+ ions still flowing out, so cell is temporarily hyperpolarized

A

relative refractory period

112
Q

reversed prompt

receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when receptor is bound by agonist

A

ligand-gated/ionotropic receptors

113
Q

reversed prompt

substance that mimics/boosts actions of NT/other signaling molecules

114
Q

reversed prompt

receptor, when activated extracellularly, initiates G protein signaling mechanism inside cell

A

G-protein-coupled/metabotropic

Physiological Psychology (4 decks)

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