exam 1 quizzes Flashcards
According to the Belmont Report, the two major requirements under Respect for Persons are:
informed consent and confidentiality
Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by prescribing an ACE inhibitor and recommending a low sodium diet. This is an example of the:
Biomedical model
Random selectin means
Participants in a study are randomly selected from the population of interest
Deaths caused by disease is called:
Mortality
Human and animals research in the US are overseen by the same ethics body (T/F)
False
Allostasis is
Constancy through change
Many studies have been done on the effect of mindfulness meditation on blood pressure. Some agree, some come to very different conclusions. A research group decides to analyze all of those studies together to see if there really is an effect. This is an example of a/an:
Meta-analysis
At research institutions in the US, ethical human research is overseen by Institutional Review Boards (T/F)
True
The number of cases of disease, or the proportion of people who have the disease, at some point in time is called:
Prevalence
Some people have a reduced capacity to consent to participate in research (T/F)
True
Anticipation of a stressor activates the same physical response as experiencing a stressor (T/F)
True
There exists a high correlation between alcohol and breast cancer. It is logical to conclude from this information that alcohol causes breast cancer. (T/F)
False
The cause or origin of a disease is called
Etiology
The three stages of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome are:
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which of these is not one of the ethical principles set forth in the Belmont report?
Autonomy
The number of new cases of a disease within a certain time period is called:
Incidence
Dr. Michael wants to compare three treatments for anxiety: medication alone, therapy alone, or medication + therapy. She recruits 150 participants and randomly assigns each to one of the three conditions. She measures anxiety before and after the treatments. This is an example of
Experiment
Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by recommending a low-sodium diet and a gentle exercise program. This is an example of the
Behavioral model
The IRB just rejected a proposed study. The investigator wanted to test a new medication to treat mild allergic symptoms. A side effect of the medication, however, was a greatly increased risk of heart attack. This study would have violated which standard of the Belmont report?
Beneficence: minimize harm
The human stress response evolved to cope with
physical stressors
Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by prescribing an ACE inhibitor. The doctor also refers Donna to a dietitian, so she can learn ways to lower her sodium intake even when she’s eating with family or at church functions. Donna and the doctor discuss Donna’s stress at work and healthy ways to cope.
Biopsychocultural model
Which essential feature of an experiment is missing from a quasi-experiment?
Random assignment
Casey sits on a blanket on the mall one bright spring day. During each passing period, he counts how many students who walk past him are using their phones and how many are not. This is an example of a/an:
Observational study
Surgery was revolutionized after William Morton demonstrated
Using ether for anesthesia
People who volunteer as study participants differ as a group from those who do not (T/F)
True
What kind of studies are useful to show that smoking can cause lung cancer?
- Quasi experiments, comparing cancer development in people who did compared to those who did not smoke
- Longitudinal, following smokers for years to measure health outcomes
- Correlational studies, showing that number of pack-years smoked was related to developing lung cancer
- Experimental, comparing rats that did and did not have tobacco smoke exposure
Dr. Singh works in an emergency department. Over the course of a week, she notices that ten people are brought into the emergency room with a strange new kind of lung infection. She writes a paper describing these cases. This is an example of a/an:
Case study
Allowing unauthorized people to access collected data is a violation of which standard of the Belmont Report?
Respect for persons: confidentiality
Which of these are the three major symptoms of the “exhaustion” phase of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
Thymic atrophy, enlarged adrenals, peptic ulcers
Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by recommending psychotherapy to identify stressors in her life and to learn how to practice meditation. This is an example of the:
Psychosomatic model
A persistent problem in medical research has been the exclusion of women as participants, and even the exclusion of women as participants, and even the exclusion of female animals in animal studies. This meant that some of the medical advances of the last century didn’t apply to women. Only recently have policies been enacted to ensure.
Justice: equal benefits
Health problems caused by a disease is called
Morbidity
Morbidity
Health problems caused by a disease is called
Lying to participants about the study they are participating in, aside from a few exceptions, is violating which standard of the Belmont Report?
Respect for persons: informed consent
Mortality
Deaths caused by disease is called:
The type of fat most predictive of negative health outcomes is:
Abdominal/visceral fat
The “P” in HPA axis refers to the
Pituitary gland
The adrenal cortex
Secretes cortisol, regulating the stress response
The parathyroid gland
Secretes parathyroid hormone, regulating blood calcium levels
Human hierarchies are set up similarly to the hierarchies of other primates (T/F)
False
They hypothalamus communicates to the pituitary gland via
Releasing hormones
Babies grow up fine without physical contact (T/F)
False
Most DNA methylation patterns are set
During the perinatal period (from a few weeks before birth to a few months after birth)
Myocardial infarction is more commonly known as
Heart attack
The pancreas
Secretes insulin, regulating blood glucose
“fight or flight” response comes from the
Sympathetic nervous system
The hypothalamus communicates to the pituitary gland via
Releasing hormones
The gonad (ovary/testis):
Secretes androgens, estrogens, and progesterone, regulating reproductive functions
Intense childhood stress can cause growth to slow or stop (T/F)
True
Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is caused by:
Blockage of a coronary artery
How does repeated stress lead to hypertension?
Damaged blood vessels don’t get enough time to heal, leading to atherosclerosis
The “A” in HPA axis refers to the
Adrenal cortex
In type 2 diabetes, cells become
Insulin resistant
Your biological parents’ life experiences can affect your epigenetics (T/F)
True
The brain system that processes emotions is called the
Limbic system
Which of these describes the normal diurnal cortisol rhythm?
Cortisol is lowest at night, spikes around waking, and slowly decreases over the day
The pituitary gland communicates with target glands by secreting (BLANK) into the bloodstream
Trophic hormones/stimulating hormones
“rest and digest” (or “feed and breed”) function is mediated by the:
Parasympathetic nervous system
The pineal gland
Secretes melatonin, contributing to the sleep-wake cycle
The thyroid gland
Secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating metabolism
Severe stress during pregnancy can increase the risk of which health problem in the fetus?
Low birth weight, altered metabolism, high stress sensitivity, heart disease
Which of these describes the normal diurnal cortisol rhythm?
Cortisol is lowest at night, spikes around waking, and slowly decreases over the day
the greatest economic predictor of poor health and mortality is
Income inequality
Vagal tone, or the strength of the parasympathetic nervous system, can be measured using
Heart rate variability
strength of the parasympathetic nervous system
Vagal tone
The “H” in HPA axis refers to
Hypothalamus
Stress does not cause cancer (T/F)
True
