Exam 1 (lecture notes) Flashcards
perpetually exists in pop, often has animal reservoir
endemic
examples of endemics
STD, cold, tetanus, rabies
rapid rise of cases in area where disease is not endemic
epidemic
examples of epidemics
coronavirus, flu
epidemic across several pop or land areas
pandemic
don’t know if infected, healthy
quarantine
know infected, sick
isolation
“patient zero”, index case
1st known person to have disease
animal reservoir
novel virus transferred form animal to human (pig, chick, fowl, bat)
phase 1-3
predominantly, animal infections, few human infections
phase 4
sustained human to human
phase 5-6
pandemic; widespread human infection
post peak
possibility of recurrent events
post pandemic
disease activity at seasonal levels
r0
r-naught; reproductive rate
r0 for flu
2
WHO pandemic phases 1
1) virus circulating in animals shows no transmission to humans
2) virus circulating in animals that has potential to infect humans
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
WHO pandemic phases 2
2) virus circulating in animals that has potential to infect humans
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
WHO pandemic phases 3
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
WHO pandemic phases 4
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
WHO pandemic phases 5
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
WHO pandemic phases 6
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
WHO pandemic phases 7
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
WHO pandemic phases 8
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
ecological systems
outside influences inside influences outside
historically, what did people believe caused illness?
evil spirts, divine punishment, imbalance, moral failings, bad mothers
2000 BCE advances
hygiene
600 to 500 BCE advances
sanitation
400 BCE advances
hippocrates declares illness a natural phenomenon
humoral theory
personality traits to health (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
blood
sanguine (bloodletting)
black bile
melancholic (depress)
yellow bile
choleric
phlegm
phlegmatic (slow)
who was the first health psychologist
hippocrates (better to know patient than disease)
rene descartes
body = machine, doctor = mechanic
germ theory/vaccination
Louis pasteur
miasma
illness caused by bad air
William morton
ether, anestisialogy
willheim roentgen
x rays
John snow
epidemiology, London cholera, anestisiology
four health revolutions
vaccination, antibiotics, antipsychotics, contraception
four models of medicine
biomedical model, psychosomatic model, behavioral model, biopsychosocial model
modern health psychology
- scientific study of the causes of and contributors to disease
- health promotion
- preventing and treating illnesses
- promoting health policy and improving healthcare systems
biological part of biopsychosocial
genetics, genomics, evolution, epigenetic
psychological part of biopsychosocial
appraisal of stressors, coping methods, locus of control
social part of biopsychosocial
birth cohort, sociocultural, gender
WEIRD pop
western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
common research methods
case studies, surveys, observation, correlational/association studies, experiments, Quasi, developmental
a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another
experiment
experiments must include
random selection and random assignment
studies show that babies exclusively breastfed for at least 6 mo have
fewer allergies, lower risk of asthma, inc cognitive develop, fewer ear infections
many have random selection, but does not have random assignment
quasi
developmental studies include
cross sectional, longitudinal, behavioral genetics (twin/adoption studies)
guiding document for human experimental research in the US that established institutional review boards
Belmont report
principles of Belmont report
respect for people, beneficence, justice
respect for people includes
confidentiality and informed consent
part of the population can have reduced capacity to
consent
beneficence includes
maximize good and minimize harm
justice includes
non exploitative, equal benefits, right to try
animal version of IRB
IACUC
IACUC reports to
AAALAC
basic unit of life
cell
kidneys
filter toxins from blood, regulate bp
urinary system communicates with
brain, bone, parathyroid, adrenals
hypothalamus
secretes releasing hormones to pituitary gland
releasing hormone pathway
CRH to ACTH to cortisol
pituitary
releases trophic hormones to activate glands
example of positive feedback
chronic stress
example of negative feedback
cortisol
what axis is important
hypothalamic pituitary…(usually adrenal)
pineal gland
sleep, melatonin
parathyroid gland
calcium balance, calcitonin
thyroid gland
metabolism (T3/T4)
adrenal gland
stress; cortisol
pancreas
insulin, energy and delivery
thymus
immune, T cells
ovary and testis
gonad; reproductive cycle, sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA)
adrenal medulla gets signal from
SANS (adrenaline/epinephrine)
adrenal cortex
cortisol
three major divisions of immune system
barrier, innate, adaptive
barrier immune
skin, GI acids, nasal cilia
innate immune
fast, non specific
adaptive immune
slower, targeted
major types of innate cells
- macrophages (engulf)
- dendritic cells (antigen presenting)
- neutrophilis (explode)
why inflammation
activated leukocytes indicate more needed, capillaries dilate, extravasation of immune cells
adaptive immune system involves
b and T cells
B cells
- plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
- memory cells remember
T cells
cytotoxic, helper, suppressor
NK cells
both innate and adaptive, tumor killers
inject pathogen to kill it
cytotoxic
alert other cells to attack
helper
end immune response when invader is vanquished
suppressor
cortisol ramps immune response
down
cytokines
immune messengers, communication, interleukins/interferons
sickness behavior related to
immune response/inflammation
PNS breast into
somatic and autonomic nervous system
what part of nervous system involved in stress response
autonomic
SANS
controls organs in times of stress
PANS
controls organs when body is at rest
CNS
brain and spinal cord
CNS brain lobes
parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe
cerebellum
coordinate movement and implicit mem
brain stem
medulla oblongata
parietal lobe
sense coordination, connects experiences
occipital lobe
vision
temporal lobe
hearing, hippocampus is within, language
frontal lobe
movement ability, matures last, executive functioning, decision making, working mem
gray matter
neurons
white matter
axons
important components of limbic system
hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, R/L cingulate cortex
limbic system
emotion
hippocampus
explicit mem (facts, places, spatial)
cerebellum
implicit mem (how to do something)
amygdala
fear, mood, anger
cingulate cortex
decisions to act upon mood
right cingulate cortex
avoid signal
left cingulate cortex
approach signal
cingulotomy
suicidal and nothing works, cut R cingulate cortex
four main parts of neurons
dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic terminals
the big six… major NT
glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
glutamate
excite
GABA
slow/decrease
acetylcholine
movement and memory, alzeihmers
dopamine
movement inhibitor, pleasure/reward
norepinephrine
stress response/SANS/arousal
serotonin
mood and aggression
spinal cord
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
somatic PNS
sensory and motor; voluntary
autonomic PNS
regulates glands, internal organs, smooth/cardiac muscle; involuntary
PANS
rest and digest; feed and breed; acetylcholine and vagus nerve
SANS
fight or flight; norepinephrine (NT) and epinephrine (hormone), inc HR/vessel constrict/respiration
hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
environ/physiological factors–>brain–> GnRH–>pituitary –>FSH, LH–> gonads–> gametogenesis, gonadal growth, steroidogenesis
Follicle stimulating hormone: ovaries
simulates oocyte maturation
Follicle stimulating hormone: testes
stimulates sperm production
Luteinizing hormone; ovaries
stimulates ovulation
Luteinizing hormone; testes
stimulates testosterone release
process from ovulation to attaching to uterine wall
ovulated egg–>fertilization–>fertilized egg–>2 cells–>4 cells–>cell division–>attach to uterine wall
embryo at
8 weeks
fetus at
12 weeks
causes birth defects
thalidomide, acutane
7 days post fertilization
blastocyst
10 days post fertilization
implantation
during fetal stage
sexual differentiation and neurogenesis
36 weeks to 2 years
synapse formation
4-6 years
synapse pruning
embryo delicate to
toxins, infections, radiation, nutritional deficiency
fetal develop disruptions
alcohol, smoking, infections, maternal health, environ toxins, maternal stress, meds
Claude bernard
internal environ
Walter cannon
homeostasis, stress
Hans selye
stress as response to homeostatic changes; general adaptation syndrome
3 symptoms of general adaptation syndrome
adrenal hypertrophy, thymic atrophy, gastric ulcers
recognize threat, mobilize resources, sympathetic activation
ALARM stage
Selye discover stress response
rats with saline still developed same response
reinforce resources, HPA activation
resistance stage
resources exhausted or situation resolved and return to baseline
exhaustion (recovery!)
allostasis
constancy through change
allostatic load
when allostasis hurts, allostatic changes can no longer keep up (McEwen)
gastric ulcers caused by
H pylori; stress changes stomach lining so H pylori has easier time colonizing
important nerve for PANS
vagus
vagal tone
ability of vagus nerve to slow HR
vagus nerve control is inhibited by
inhalation
breathing in
speeds up HR
high vagal tone
dampens intensity of negative emotion (lower distress daily hassles, more coping)
psychological stress can impair
vagal tone
which responses habituate and which don’t
cardiac response to epinephrine habituates and vascular does not
Whitehall study
subordinate humans versus seniority
baboons
keekrok troop, agressive alpha males died and social connected lived
how quickly does your body recover from stress
cardiovascular reactivity
what can improve vagal tone?
exercise
which response habituates?
cardiac response
artery narrowed by plaque
atherosclerosis, hypertension, damaged inner lining of blood vessel, fat build up
heart attack
myocardial infarct
stroke
ischemic stroke (brain)
shingles
cortisol receptors hang in nerves and wait until immune response dampens
cortisol effects
feeds flight or fight response
cortisol effects on liver
releases FA
cortisol effects on kidney
get rid of H2O, retain salt
cortisol effects on brain
more sensitive to stimuli, enhance memory
cortisol effects on SANS
upregulate fxn, more hormone release, higher receptor sensitivity
cortisol effects on immune system
priority shifts to prepare for wounds (skin immune enhance)
cortisol normal feedback
feed into hypothalamus to decrease CRH secretion
cortisol under chronic stress
hypothalamus becomes desensitized to feedback, inducing a feed forward loop
allostatic load
damage happens to body when stress response is maintained too long
high glucose leads to
insulin resistance
high blood fats leads to
atherosclerosis
which fat is worst
central adiposity
salt retention leads to
hypertension
hippocampus overstimulation leads to
memory problems; depression
immune dysregulation leads to
increased inflammation and decreased resistance to infection
infarct
blocked blood flow
beta blockers
block epinephrine
metabolic syndrome
myocardial infraction, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, fatigue
scientists discovered psychoneuroimmunology
ader and cohen (classical conditioning)
felten
immune cells in nerve endings
pert
neuropeptide receptors on immune cells
what triggers sickness behavior?
cytokines
sickness behavior
fatigue, trouble sleeping, reduced/changed appetite, social withdrawal, body aches, loss of interest, impaired cognition, increase sensitivity to pain
sickness behavior can lead to
depression
stage 3 and 4 of sleep
slow wave, deep (body healing)
REM stage of sleep
dream, brain healing
effects of sleep deprivation
same as stress
a little stress is good for us
“eustress”
- improves cognitive ability
- improves performance
- psyched up
too much stress is not good
“distress”
- decreases cognitive ability
- decreases performance
- psyched out
