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Health Psychology > Exam 1 (lecture notes) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (lecture notes) Flashcards

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1
Q

perpetually exists in pop, often has animal reservoir

A

endemic

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2
Q

examples of endemics

A

STD, cold, tetanus, rabies

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3
Q

rapid rise of cases in area where disease is not endemic

A

epidemic

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4
Q

examples of epidemics

A

coronavirus, flu

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5
Q

epidemic across several pop or land areas

A

pandemic

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6
Q

don’t know if infected, healthy

A

quarantine

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7
Q

know infected, sick

A

isolation

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8
Q

“patient zero”, index case

A

1st known person to have disease

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9
Q

animal reservoir

A

novel virus transferred form animal to human (pig, chick, fowl, bat)

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10
Q

phase 1-3

A

predominantly, animal infections, few human infections

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11
Q

phase 4

A

sustained human to human

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12
Q

phase 5-6

A

pandemic; widespread human infection

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13
Q

post peak

A

possibility of recurrent events

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14
Q

post pandemic

A

disease activity at seasonal levels

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15
Q

r0

A

r-naught; reproductive rate

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16
Q

r0 for flu

A

2

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17
Q

WHO pandemic phases 1

A

1) virus circulating in animals shows no transmission to humans
2) virus circulating in animals that has potential to infect humans
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline

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18
Q

WHO pandemic phases 2

A

2) virus circulating in animals that has potential to infect humans
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline

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19
Q

WHO pandemic phases 3

A

3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline

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20
Q

WHO pandemic phases 4

A

4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline

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21
Q

WHO pandemic phases 5

A

5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline

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22
Q

WHO pandemic phases 6

A

6) sustained outbreaks outside original region

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23
Q

WHO pandemic phases 7

A

7) post peak –> # new cases dec

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24
Q

WHO pandemic phases 8

A

8) post pandemic–> # below baseline

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25
Q

ecological systems

A

outside influences inside influences outside

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26
Q

historically, what did people believe caused illness?

A

evil spirts, divine punishment, imbalance, moral failings, bad mothers

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27
Q

2000 BCE advances

A

hygiene

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28
Q

600 to 500 BCE advances

A

sanitation

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29
Q

400 BCE advances

A

hippocrates declares illness a natural phenomenon

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30
Q

humoral theory

A

personality traits to health (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)

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31
Q

blood

A

sanguine (bloodletting)

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32
Q

black bile

A

melancholic (depress)

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33
Q

yellow bile

A

choleric

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34
Q

phlegm

A

phlegmatic (slow)

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35
Q

who was the first health psychologist

A

hippocrates (better to know patient than disease)

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36
Q

rene descartes

A

body = machine, doctor = mechanic

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37
Q

germ theory/vaccination

A

Louis pasteur

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38
Q

miasma

A

illness caused by bad air

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39
Q

William morton

A

ether, anestisialogy

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40
Q

willheim roentgen

A

x rays

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41
Q

John snow

A

epidemiology, London cholera, anestisiology

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42
Q

four health revolutions

A

vaccination, antibiotics, antipsychotics, contraception

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43
Q

four models of medicine

A

biomedical model, psychosomatic model, behavioral model, biopsychosocial model

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44
Q

modern health psychology

A
  • scientific study of the causes of and contributors to disease
  • health promotion
  • preventing and treating illnesses
  • promoting health policy and improving healthcare systems
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45
Q

biological part of biopsychosocial

A

genetics, genomics, evolution, epigenetic

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46
Q

psychological part of biopsychosocial

A

appraisal of stressors, coping methods, locus of control

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47
Q

social part of biopsychosocial

A

birth cohort, sociocultural, gender

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48
Q

WEIRD pop

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

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49
Q

common research methods

A

case studies, surveys, observation, correlational/association studies, experiments, Quasi, developmental

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50
Q

a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

A

experiment

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51
Q

experiments must include

A

random selection and random assignment

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52
Q

studies show that babies exclusively breastfed for at least 6 mo have

A

fewer allergies, lower risk of asthma, inc cognitive develop, fewer ear infections

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53
Q

many have random selection, but does not have random assignment

A

quasi

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54
Q

developmental studies include

A

cross sectional, longitudinal, behavioral genetics (twin/adoption studies)

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55
Q

guiding document for human experimental research in the US that established institutional review boards

A

Belmont report

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56
Q

principles of Belmont report

A

respect for people, beneficence, justice

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57
Q

respect for people includes

A

confidentiality and informed consent

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58
Q

part of the population can have reduced capacity to

A

consent

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59
Q

beneficence includes

A

maximize good and minimize harm

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60
Q

justice includes

A

non exploitative, equal benefits, right to try

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61
Q

animal version of IRB

A

IACUC

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62
Q

IACUC reports to

A

AAALAC

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63
Q

basic unit of life

A

cell

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64
Q

kidneys

A

filter toxins from blood, regulate bp

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65
Q

urinary system communicates with

A

brain, bone, parathyroid, adrenals

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66
Q

hypothalamus

A

secretes releasing hormones to pituitary gland

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67
Q

releasing hormone pathway

A

CRH to ACTH to cortisol

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68
Q

pituitary

A

releases trophic hormones to activate glands

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69
Q

example of positive feedback

A

chronic stress

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70
Q

example of negative feedback

A

cortisol

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71
Q

what axis is important

A

hypothalamic pituitary…(usually adrenal)

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72
Q

pineal gland

A

sleep, melatonin

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73
Q

parathyroid gland

A

calcium balance, calcitonin

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74
Q

thyroid gland

A

metabolism (T3/T4)

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75
Q

adrenal gland

A

stress; cortisol

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76
Q

pancreas

A

insulin, energy and delivery

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77
Q

thymus

A

immune, T cells

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78
Q

ovary and testis

A

gonad; reproductive cycle, sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA)

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79
Q

adrenal medulla gets signal from

A

SANS (adrenaline/epinephrine)

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80
Q

adrenal cortex

A

cortisol

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81
Q

three major divisions of immune system

A

barrier, innate, adaptive

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82
Q

barrier immune

A

skin, GI acids, nasal cilia

83
Q

innate immune

A

fast, non specific

84
Q

adaptive immune

A

slower, targeted

85
Q

major types of innate cells

A
  • macrophages (engulf)
  • dendritic cells (antigen presenting)
  • neutrophilis (explode)
86
Q

why inflammation

A

activated leukocytes indicate more needed, capillaries dilate, extravasation of immune cells

87
Q

adaptive immune system involves

A

b and T cells

88
Q

B cells

A
  • plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)

- memory cells remember

89
Q

T cells

A

cytotoxic, helper, suppressor

90
Q

NK cells

A

both innate and adaptive, tumor killers

91
Q

inject pathogen to kill it

A

cytotoxic

92
Q

alert other cells to attack

A

helper

93
Q

end immune response when invader is vanquished

A

suppressor

94
Q

cortisol ramps immune response

A

down

95
Q

cytokines

A

immune messengers, communication, interleukins/interferons

96
Q

sickness behavior related to

A

immune response/inflammation

97
Q

PNS breast into

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

98
Q

what part of nervous system involved in stress response

A

autonomic

99
Q

SANS

A

controls organs in times of stress

100
Q

PANS

A

controls organs when body is at rest

101
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

102
Q

CNS brain lobes

A

parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

103
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinate movement and implicit mem

104
Q

brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

105
Q

parietal lobe

A

sense coordination, connects experiences

106
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

107
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, hippocampus is within, language

108
Q

frontal lobe

A

movement ability, matures last, executive functioning, decision making, working mem

109
Q

gray matter

A

neurons

110
Q

white matter

A

axons

111
Q

important components of limbic system

A

hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, R/L cingulate cortex

112
Q

limbic system

A

emotion

113
Q

hippocampus

A

explicit mem (facts, places, spatial)

114
Q

cerebellum

A

implicit mem (how to do something)

115
Q

amygdala

A

fear, mood, anger

116
Q

cingulate cortex

A

decisions to act upon mood

117
Q

right cingulate cortex

A

avoid signal

118
Q

left cingulate cortex

A

approach signal

119
Q

cingulotomy

A

suicidal and nothing works, cut R cingulate cortex

120
Q

four main parts of neurons

A

dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic terminals

121
Q

the big six… major NT

A

glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

122
Q

glutamate

A

excite

123
Q

GABA

A

slow/decrease

124
Q

acetylcholine

A

movement and memory, alzeihmers

125
Q

dopamine

A

movement inhibitor, pleasure/reward

126
Q

norepinephrine

A

stress response/SANS/arousal

127
Q

serotonin

A

mood and aggression

128
Q

spinal cord

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

129
Q

somatic PNS

A

sensory and motor; voluntary

130
Q

autonomic PNS

A

regulates glands, internal organs, smooth/cardiac muscle; involuntary

131
Q

PANS

A

rest and digest; feed and breed; acetylcholine and vagus nerve

132
Q

SANS

A

fight or flight; norepinephrine (NT) and epinephrine (hormone), inc HR/vessel constrict/respiration

133
Q

hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

A

environ/physiological factors–>brain–> GnRH–>pituitary –>FSH, LH–> gonads–> gametogenesis, gonadal growth, steroidogenesis

134
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone: ovaries

A

simulates oocyte maturation

135
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone: testes

A

stimulates sperm production

136
Q

Luteinizing hormone; ovaries

A

stimulates ovulation

137
Q

Luteinizing hormone; testes

A

stimulates testosterone release

138
Q

process from ovulation to attaching to uterine wall

A

ovulated egg–>fertilization–>fertilized egg–>2 cells–>4 cells–>cell division–>attach to uterine wall

139
Q

embryo at

A

8 weeks

140
Q

fetus at

A

12 weeks

141
Q

causes birth defects

A

thalidomide, acutane

142
Q

7 days post fertilization

A

blastocyst

143
Q

10 days post fertilization

A

implantation

144
Q

during fetal stage

A

sexual differentiation and neurogenesis

145
Q

36 weeks to 2 years

A

synapse formation

146
Q

4-6 years

A

synapse pruning

147
Q

embryo delicate to

A

toxins, infections, radiation, nutritional deficiency

148
Q

fetal develop disruptions

A

alcohol, smoking, infections, maternal health, environ toxins, maternal stress, meds

149
Q

Claude bernard

A

internal environ

150
Q

Walter cannon

A

homeostasis, stress

151
Q

Hans selye

A

stress as response to homeostatic changes; general adaptation syndrome

152
Q

3 symptoms of general adaptation syndrome

A

adrenal hypertrophy, thymic atrophy, gastric ulcers

153
Q

recognize threat, mobilize resources, sympathetic activation

A

ALARM stage

154
Q

Selye discover stress response

A

rats with saline still developed same response

155
Q

reinforce resources, HPA activation

A

resistance stage

156
Q

resources exhausted or situation resolved and return to baseline

A

exhaustion (recovery!)

157
Q

allostasis

A

constancy through change

158
Q

allostatic load

A

when allostasis hurts, allostatic changes can no longer keep up (McEwen)

159
Q

gastric ulcers caused by

A

H pylori; stress changes stomach lining so H pylori has easier time colonizing

160
Q

important nerve for PANS

A

vagus

161
Q

vagal tone

A

ability of vagus nerve to slow HR

162
Q

vagus nerve control is inhibited by

A

inhalation

163
Q

breathing in

A

speeds up HR

164
Q

high vagal tone

A

dampens intensity of negative emotion (lower distress daily hassles, more coping)

165
Q

psychological stress can impair

A

vagal tone

166
Q

which responses habituate and which don’t

A

cardiac response to epinephrine habituates and vascular does not

167
Q

Whitehall study

A

subordinate humans versus seniority

168
Q

baboons

A

keekrok troop, agressive alpha males died and social connected lived

169
Q

how quickly does your body recover from stress

A

cardiovascular reactivity

170
Q

what can improve vagal tone?

A

exercise

171
Q

which response habituates?

A

cardiac response

172
Q

artery narrowed by plaque

A

atherosclerosis, hypertension, damaged inner lining of blood vessel, fat build up

173
Q

heart attack

A

myocardial infarct

174
Q

stroke

A

ischemic stroke (brain)

175
Q

shingles

A

cortisol receptors hang in nerves and wait until immune response dampens

176
Q

cortisol effects

A

feeds flight or fight response

177
Q

cortisol effects on liver

A

releases FA

178
Q

cortisol effects on kidney

A

get rid of H2O, retain salt

179
Q

cortisol effects on brain

A

more sensitive to stimuli, enhance memory

180
Q

cortisol effects on SANS

A

upregulate fxn, more hormone release, higher receptor sensitivity

181
Q

cortisol effects on immune system

A

priority shifts to prepare for wounds (skin immune enhance)

182
Q

cortisol normal feedback

A

feed into hypothalamus to decrease CRH secretion

183
Q

cortisol under chronic stress

A

hypothalamus becomes desensitized to feedback, inducing a feed forward loop

184
Q

allostatic load

A

damage happens to body when stress response is maintained too long

185
Q

high glucose leads to

A

insulin resistance

186
Q

high blood fats leads to

A

atherosclerosis

187
Q

which fat is worst

A

central adiposity

188
Q

salt retention leads to

A

hypertension

189
Q

hippocampus overstimulation leads to

A

memory problems; depression

190
Q

immune dysregulation leads to

A

increased inflammation and decreased resistance to infection

191
Q

infarct

A

blocked blood flow

192
Q

beta blockers

A

block epinephrine

193
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

myocardial infraction, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, fatigue

194
Q

scientists discovered psychoneuroimmunology

A

ader and cohen (classical conditioning)

195
Q

felten

A

immune cells in nerve endings

196
Q

pert

A

neuropeptide receptors on immune cells

197
Q

what triggers sickness behavior?

A

cytokines

198
Q

sickness behavior

A

fatigue, trouble sleeping, reduced/changed appetite, social withdrawal, body aches, loss of interest, impaired cognition, increase sensitivity to pain

199
Q

sickness behavior can lead to

A

depression

200
Q

stage 3 and 4 of sleep

A

slow wave, deep (body healing)

201
Q

REM stage of sleep

A

dream, brain healing

202
Q

effects of sleep deprivation

A

same as stress

203
Q

a little stress is good for us

A

“eustress”

  • improves cognitive ability
  • improves performance
  • psyched up
204
Q

too much stress is not good

A

“distress”

  • decreases cognitive ability
  • decreases performance
  • psyched out

Health Psychology (2 decks)

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